*    LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California, 


Class 


1 


ECLOGUES  OF  MANTUAN 


THE  ECLOGUES  OF 
BAPTISTA    MANTUANUS 


EDITED,  WITH   INTRODUCTION  AND  NOTES,  BY 

WILFRED  P.  MUSTARD,  Ph.D. 

COLLEGIATE   PROFESSOR   OF   LATIN    IN   THE 
JOHNS   HOPKINS   UNIVERSITY 


BALTIMORE 

THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  PRESS 

19U 


Copyright,  191  i 

BY 

THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  PRESS 


TO 
KIRBY  FLOWER  SMITH 


225284 


PREFACE 

This  edition  has  been  prepared  in  the  hope  that  some 
scholars  might  be  glad  to  study  a  set  of  forgotten  poems 
which  had  a  very  considerable  influence  upon  the  English 
literature  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  Text  is  based  upon  that  of  the  first  printed  edition, 
of  Mantua,  1498.  The  more  important  later  variants  are 
mentioned  in  the  notes.  The  spelling  is  modified  to  suit 
the  convenience  of  the  modem  reader.  The  punctuation  is 
my  own. 

The  Introduction  has  grown  to  a  portentous  length,  partly 
because  it  seemed  desirable  to  set  down  my  authority  for 
almost  every  statement.  And  inasmuch  as  many  of  my 
authorities  are  not  easily  accessible — at  least,  to  American 
scholars — it  often  seemed  necessary  to  quote  their  actual 
words.  Hence  the  "  leaden  sediment  "  of  footnotes.  I  am 
rather  ashamed  of  this  unlovely  feature,  but  I  feel  that  any 
one  who  has  tried  to  find  any  modern  account  of  Mantuan 
which  is  at  once  definite  and  accurate  will  be  inclined  to 
excuse  it.  Perhaps  I  should  add  that  a  part  of  my  material 
has  already  been  printed,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Philological  Association,  vol.  XL. 

I  have  devoted  a  good  deal  of  space  to  the  story  of 
Mantuan's  popularity  in  England,  and  tried  to  show  some- 
thing of  the  precise  range  and  character  of  his  influence 
there.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  his 
Eclogues  exercised  any  such  influence  in  Italy,  or  France, 
or  Germany;  but  that  subject  must  be  left  to  others. 

My  Notes  are  mainly  concerned  with  the  question  of 
Mantuan's  sources,  and  only  occasionally  serve  to  explain 
his  meaning.  I  had  thought  of  putting  them  below  the 
text,  but  they  are  hardly  of  sufficient  importance  to  break 

7 


€-      €/       «•      t 
<  •       * 


8'  "•'""•  '-'     '  '      '        PREFACE    ' 

up  the  page,  and,  besides,  the  reader  may  be  glad  to  have 
the  Eclogues  printed,  for  once,  so  that  he  can  see  more  than 
a  few  lines  at  a  time.  Ever  since  Ascensius  published  his 
long-lived  commentary  they  have  regularly  been  printed 
with  alternate  stretches  of  text  and  notes  on  the  same  page. 
I  hope  that  most  of  my  obligations  to  earlier  writers  are 
duly  acknowledged  in  the  footnotes.  My  Introduction  is 
much  better  than  it  might  have  been  because  of  the  gener- 
osity of  Mr.  Henry  Walters,  of  Baltimore,  who  allowed 
me  the  free  use  of  his  magnificent  private  library  of  Italian 
incunabula.  And  it  is  further  enriched  by  material  which 
I  was  able  to  collect  last  summer  during  a  vacation  tour 
of  the  great  public  libraries  of  Italy.  It  gives  me  pleasure 
to  recall  the  uniform  courtesy  and  kindness  which  I  re- 
ceived from  various  library  officials  in  Turin,  Milan, 
Mantua,  Ferrara,  Bologna,  and  a  dozen  other  cities.  And 
I  am  glad  to  say  here  that  my  book  owes  a  great  deal  to 
Cav.  Alessandro  Luzio,  Director  of  the  R.  Archivio  di 
Stato  at  Mantua.  From  one  of  his  published  papers  I 
had  learned  most  of  what  I  have  written  about  our  poet's 
family,  and  by  his  special  knowledge  and  ready  helpfulness 
he   made   my    own   work   at    Mantua   both   profitable    and 

pleasant. 

W.  P.  M. 
Baltimore, 
May,    191 1. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction 

"  Good   old    Mantuan  "    1 1 

His  Life   II 

His   Family  and  Friends    i8 

His  Works   26 

His  Popularity 30 

Composition  and  Publication  of  the   Eclogues   35 

Their   Use  as  a  School-book    3^ 

Quotations  and  Allusions    40 

Imitations    4^ 

Mantuan's  Sources    57 

His  Syntax 59 

His  Metre 59 

His  Vocabulary 59 

Dedicatory  Epistle 62 

Text  63 

Notes 121 

Index  I53 

9 


INTRODUCTION 

"  GOOD   OLD    MANTUAN  " 

In  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iv,  2,  95,  the  schoolmaster 
Holofernes  quotes  the  Latin  words  "  Fauste,  precor,  gelida 
quando  pecus  omne  sub  umbra  Ruminat, — and  so  forth," 
and  then  exclaims :  "  Ah,  good  old  Mantuan !  I  may  speak 
of  thee  as  the  traveller  doth  of  Venice ; 

Venetia,  Venetia, 

Chi  non  ti  vede  non  ti  pretia. 

Old  Mantuan,  old  Mantuan !  who  understandeth  thee  not, 
loves  thee  not."  Here  the  modern  reader  is  apt  to  think  of 
the  Eclogues  of  Virgil ;  but  the  reference  is  to  another  and 
much  later  poet  who  was  likewise  a  native  of  Mantua,  and 
likewise  the  author  of  ten  Latin  eclogues.  This  was  Bap- 
tista  Spagnolo,  or,  as  he  was  commonly  called,  Baptista 
Mantuanus.^ 

HIS    LIFE 

This  later  Mantuan  was  born  April  17,  1448. ^  He  was 
a  pupil  of   Gregorio  Tifernate  and  of   Georgius   Merula;^ 

1  In  one  of  the  letters  of  Isabella  d'  Este  (Aug.  23,  1504)  he  is 
called  "  R.*^°  frate  Bap.**  Spagnolo " ;  S.  von  Arx,  Romanische 
Forschungen,  xxvi,  813.  In  a  proclamation  of  the  Marquis  of 
Mantua  (June  25,  1514)  he  is  "  R.'*"  inag/°  Bap.*»  Spagnolo";  Luzio- 
Renier,  Giornale  storico  della  letteratura  italiana,  xxxiv,  57.  In 
the' closing  novel  of  Sabadino's  Porrettane  he  is  "maestro  Baptista 
Spagnolo  Mantoano." 

2  Tiraboschi  gives  this  date,  "  from  documents  of  the  Carmelite 
monastery  at  Mantua."  In  a  little  poem  Vitae  suae  Epitome  our 
author  states  that  he  was  born  in  the  reign  of  Pope  Nicholas  V — 
*'  istius  accepi  lucis  primordia,  quintus  |  in  solio  Petri  cum  Nicolaus 
erat " — which  means  not  earlier  than  March  6,  I447-  In  the  dedi- 
catory epistle  prefixed  to  his  Eclogues,  Sept.  i,  1498,  he  calls  him- 
self "  quinquagenarius  ". 

3  He  seems  to  have  studied  under  both  of  these  teachers  at  Mantua : 
F.   Gabotto,  Ancora  un  letter ato   del   Quattrocento,    i8go,   pp.   22-23. 

II 


12  INTRODUCTION 

and  he  afterwards  studied  philosophy  at  P^dua.*  About 
1466  he  entered  the  Carmelite  monastery  at  Mantua.^  In 
1472  he  was  appointed  "  lector  "  in  the  monastery  of  San 
Martino  at  Bologna.^ 

During  his  term  of  service  there  his  monastery  was  visited 
by  the  plague;'^  but  he  was  sheltered  and  nursed  by  a 
wealthy  friend  in  the  city,  Lodovico  Foscarari: 

Nuper  in  cenobium  nostrum  dirae  pestilentiae  immisso  veneno  toti 
urbi  coeperamus  esse  timori ;  pellebamur  non  a  colloquio  tantum 
verum  etiam  a  conspectu  hominum  .  .  .  interclusi  eramus  nee  uUa 
videbatur  evadendi  via  :  omnia  mortem  intentabant  .  .  .  tu  cum  Re- 
frigerio  nostro  '.  .  .  spem  vitae  confirmasti,  xenia  misisti,  in  amplas 
ac  magnificas  aedes  tuas  hospitio  me  suscepisti,  lautissime  et  ele- 
gantissime   pavisti.^ 

And  he  afterwards  found  a  refuge  at  the  villa  of  Gio.  Bap- 
tista  Refrigerio,  "  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  torrent  Cla- 
terna,  on  the  way  to  Rome  " : 

Gregorio  seems  to  have  been  in  Mantua  from  April,  1460,  till 
December,  146 1 ;  Merula,  from  1460  till  1463.  Gregorio  was  the 
"  Umber"  of  the  Eclogues  (iv,  81,  95  if.,  246  ff . ;  v,  loi  ;  vii,  10;  IX, 
200),  as  Mantuan  himself  explained  to  Thomas  Wolf,  Jr.,  in  the 
year  1500.  See  note  on  Eel.  iv,  81.  Cf.  also  the  Apologia  written 
by  the  poet's  brother  Tolomeo :  "  Gregorium  Tiphernatem  quem 
poeta  noster  habuit  praeceptorem  "  (Lyons  ed.,  15 16,  fol.  Ee,  v),  and 
a  letter  written  by  Mantuan  to  Pico  della  Mirandola,  the  Younger, 
Jan.  3,  1495  :  "  mors  Georgii  Merulae  primum  condiscipuli  postea 
praeceptoris  mei  (nam  sub  Gregorio  Tiphernate  commilitavimus)  tris- 
titia  me  affecit "  (loannis  Pici  Mirandulae  Concordiae  Comitis  opera, 
Bologna  ed.,  1496,  fol.   i6ib). 

*  See  the  dedication  of  his  Eclogues:  "  ante  religionem,  dum  in 
gymnasio   Paduano  philosophari  inciperem." 

^  "  Religio  placuit  iuveni,"  etc.,  Vitae  suae  Epitome.  The  date 
usually  given,  1464,  seems  to  be  too  early.  The  first  eight  Eclogues 
were  written  "  ante  religionem " ;  the  fourth  laments  the  death  of 
Gregorio  Tifernate;  and  Gregorio  seems  to  have  lived  at  least  till 
1464. 

^  Florido  Ambrogio,  De  rebus  gestis  ac  scriptis  operibus  Bap- 
tistae  Mantuani,  Turin,  1784,  p.  28.  In  the  title  of  the  De  vita 
beata  (printed  in  1474)  he  is  called  "professor". 

■^Probably  c.  1478;  see  Muratori,  Annali  d'  Italia,  Anno  1478. 
L.  Frati  gives  the  exact  date  as  I479>  Giorn.  star.  d.  lett.  ital.,  Xil, 
327. 

^Dedication  of  the  first  Parthenice,  published  Feb.  11,  1481. 


LIFE  OF  MANTUAN  13 

ipse  quoque  in  silvis  et  vallibus  Appennini 
exilem  ducens  tecto  sub  paupere  vitam 
•delitui  qua  templa  petit  Romana  viator 
et  qua  Flaminios  fugiens  Claterna  per  agros 
ducit  ab  angustis  undosum  vallibus  amnem 
area  sub  Ociami,  nostris  ubi  dicta  Camenis 
tecta  Refrigerius  sublimi  in  colle  tenebat.^ 

In  1479-80  he  held  the  office  of  Prior  at  Mantua.^^  In 
1483  he  was  elected  Vicar-general  of  the  Carmelite  Congre- 
gation of  Mantua.^^  And  to  this  office  he  was  re-elected 
five  times — each  time  for  a  period  of  two  years,  with  an  in- 
terval of  four  years— in  1489,  1495,  1501,  1507,  1513.^2 

The  first  term  of  his  office  and  the  first  interval  were 
spent  mainly  at  Rome,  on  the  business  of  his  Congrega- 
tion.^^    The  city  was  disturbed  by  the  Orsini  and  Colonna 

^  De  suorum  temportim  calamitatibus,  Lib.  i.  The  Claterna  re- 
ceives a  grateful  mention  again  in  the  poem  Alfonsus,  Bologna  ed., 
1502,  fol.  260. 

i<*  Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  43,  v(^ho  adds  that  he  was  appointed 
tutor  of  the  Marquis  Federico's  children.  On  Jan.  23,  1479,  he  wrote 
to  his  friend  Refrigerio  from  Reggio,  explaining  that  he  had  fled 
from  Mantua  because  of  the  plague ;  on  Jan.  29,  1480,  and  Feb.  16, 

1480,  he  v/rote  to  him  from  Mantua.  In  1476  (Apr.  28  and  July 
21)  and  in  1478  (Aug.  12)  he  had  written  to  the  same  correspondent 
from  Bologna.  In  148 1  and  1482  he  seems  to  have  been  again  in 
Bologna.     The   first  Parthenice  was  published   at   Bologna,    Feb.    II, 

148 1,  and  in  the  same  year  Refrigerio  could  call  himself  Mantuan's 
pupil:  "ipse,  qui  eius  disciplinas  quotidie  haurio  "  (L.  Frati,  Giorn. 
star.  d.  lett.  ital.,  xii,  327-8)-  On  Oct.  8,  1482,  and  Nov.  2,  1482, 
he  wrote  to  Caesar  Napeus,  of  Brisighella,  from  Bologna.  [There 
are  manuscript  copies  of  the  letters  mentioned  in  this  note  in  the 
Library  of  the  University  of  Bologna.] 

1^  "  Congregationis  Mantuanae  Observantium  Carmelitarum  Vicar- 
ius,''  as  he  calls  himself  in  his  prose  account  of  the  Santa  Casa  at 
Loreto    (Sept.   22,    1489).  In    1413,  three   Carmelite  convents,    Le 

Selve  (near  Florence),  Gerona,  and  Mantua,  agreed  to  correct  certain 
abuses  which  had  crept  into  the  order ;  and  this  combination  de- 
veloped into  the  Congregation  of  Mantua,  or  Mantuan  Reform.  In 
1442,  it  achieved  quasi-autonomy  under  a  vicar-general.  By  Man- 
tuan's time,  it  had  brought  under  its  authority  several  other  houses 
in  northern  Italy,  Novellara,  Modena,  Ferrara,  etc. 

12  Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  63,  69,  77,  78,  81,  84. 

13  The  Epigrammata  ad  Falconem  were  written  during  this  period, 
and  so  were  some  of  the  Silvae.  In  the  Epistola  contra  Calum- 
niator es  he  says,  "  dum  Romae  .sub  Sixto  quarto  agerem "  (Lyons 
ed.,    15 16,    fol.    Aa,    vi)  ;    and    Florido    Ambrogio   records    (op.    cit., 


14  INTRODUCTION 

factions,  and  he  found  great  difficulty  in  getting  a  hearing 
for  his  case: 

Turbida  nunc   Ursos  clamat,  nunc   Roma  Colunnam ; 

esse  quid  attonita  pacis  in  urbe  potest? 
et  nisi  Falconis  scirem  me  numine  tutum 

iam  mea  populifer  cerneret  ora  Padus. 
propterea  divi   repetes  cum  limina  Petri, 

ne  fluat  in  longos  fac  mea  causa  dies.^* 

Still   he    received   much   assistance   from   a   young   friend, 
Filippo  Baveria: 

tu  mihi  tractanti   Romana  negotia  semper 
assiduas   operas  auxiliumque  dabas. 

65)  that  it  was  through  his  efforts  that  in  1483  Sixtus  IV  con- 
firmed the  privileges  granted  to  the  Congregation  of  Mantua  by 
Eugenius  IV.  The  poem  Pro  pacata  Italia  post  bellum  Ferrari- 
ense  (Silvae,  viii,  6)  seems  to  celebrate  the  peace  of  August,  1484; 
and  it  is  addressed  to  the  Cardinal  of  Naples.  The  poem  In  Romam 
bellis  tumultuantem  {Silvae,  II,  7),  with  its  allusion  to  the  strife 
of  the  Orsini  and  Colonna  factions,  probably  belongs  to  the  same 
year.  But  the  Consolatio  addressed  to  his  friend  Sabadino  is  dated 
at  the  end  "  Bononiae  die  secunda  Februarii,  148?."  And  the  Pane- 
gyrictim  on  Roberto  da  San  Severino  (1485)  was  not  written  at 
Rome:  "  i,  decus  Italiae,  tantoque  accinge  labori "  (Bologna  ed., 
1502,  fol.  liii).  Silvae,  \,  3  and  v,  4  (both  addressed  to  Innocent 
VIII)  refer  to  the  Spanish  embassy  which  arranged  peace  between 
the  Pope  and  the  King  of  Naples  in  August,  i486 — and  in  one  of 
them  our  poet  writes  as  an  eye-witness.  The  Somnium  Romanum 
(1487)  was  Avritten  at  Rome:  "  nam  tunc  ego  templa  tenebam  |.  trans 
Tiberim,"  Tolentinum,  Bk.  ill  (Lyons  ed.,  1 5 16,  fol.  E,  ii).  The 
Contra  poet  as  impudice  loquentes  was  finished  at  Rome,  Oct.  20, 
1487,  as  is  stated  at  the  end  of  the  poem  in  the  Bologna  editions  of 
148Q  and  1502.  The  second  Parthenice  was  written  at  Rome  (as 
its  dedication  states),  apparently  in  the  summer  of  1488.  On  Aug. 
25,  1488,  he  wrote  to  his  friend  Refrigerio  from  Rome  (Autograph 
letter  in  the  Library  of  the  University  of  Bologna).  And  a  letter  to 
Pico  della  Mirandola,  Oct.  I,  1490,  seems  to  refer  to  the  same  year: 
"  nam  dum  ego  Romae  gravibus  admodum  rei  publicae  meae  negotiis 
insudarem,  eo  tempore  quo  tu  quoque,  ut  meministi,  tantis  illis  aemu- 
lationum  fluctibus  laborabas,"  etc.  (prefixed  to  the  Bologna  edition  of 
the  collected  poems,  1502).  There  is  still  another  reference  to  his  life 
in  Rome  in  the  De  Patientia,  11.  22  :  "  verum  est  id  quod  ad  Fal- 
conem,  cum  Romae  essem,  scripsi  hoc  disticho,"  etc. 

^*This  quotation   and  the  next  three  which   follow  come  from  the 
Epigrammata  ad  Falconem, 


LIFE  OF  MANTUAN  15 

Through  the  good  offices  of  the  papal  treasurer,  Falcone 
de'  Sinibaldi/^  he  gained  admission  to  the  court: 

te  duce  Pontificis  summi  mihi  limen  apertum, 
et  sancti  patuit  regia  magna  Patris. 

And  he  must  have  received,  or  hoped  for,  some  help  from 
another  "  great  star  of  the  Roman  Senate,"  Oliviero  Carafa, 
Cardinal  of   Naples:^® 

hi  sunt  Romulei  duo  sidera  magna  senatus 
unde  bonis  lumen  praesidiumque  datur. 

In  the  poem  prefixed  to  the  Epigrammata  ad  Falconem 
he  is  still  begging  that  the  Carmelites  of  Mantua  may  have 
a  house  of  their  own  at  Rome : 

cur  igitur,  quoties  Romana  revisere  tecta 
cogimur,  in  propria  non  licet  esse  domo? 

But  in  1489  his  long  efforts  were  rewarded  by  the  gift  to 
his  Congregation  of  the  church  and  monastery  of  S.  Criso- 
gono.^"^ 

In  1489  he  went  from  Mantua  to  Loreto,  at  the  head  of  a 
company  of  Carmelite  friars,  who  were  to  be  put  in  charge 
of  the  Santa  Casa.^^  In  1490 — at  least  from  March  to 
October — his  correspondence  shows  that  he  was  in  Bologna.^® 

^^  "  Cuius  beneficio  ex  omnibus  periculis  est  liberatus."  This  is 
the  "  Falco "  of  the  ninth  Eclogue,  a  poem  which  doubtless  reflects 
some  of  Mantuan's  own  experiences  at  court. 

^®  To  whom  the  De  suorum  temporum  Calamitatibus  was  dedi- 
cated. 

1"^  Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  68.  As  an  evidence  of  Mantuan's 
personal  success  at  Rome,  Ambrogio  mentions  (p.  35)  an  oration 
which  he  delivered  in  the  presence  of  Innocent  VIII,  in  1488.  In 
one  of  his  Silvae  (i,  4)  he  celebrates  the  birthday  feast  of  the  Pope's 
nephew,  Lorenzo  Cibo,  Archbishop  of  Beneventum.  And  in  the 
Vita  Lodovici  Morbioli  he  could  thank  Pope  Innocent  for  various 
personal  favors,  including  a  gift  of  money — "  aureaque  aegroto  mu- 
nera  missa  mihi." 

^8  Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  69-70;  U.  Chevalier,  Notre-Dame 
de  Lorette,  Paris,  1906,  p.  322. 

^®  A  letter  addressed  to  him,  March  20,  1490,  by  Pico  della  Miran- 
dola  includes  a  greeting  to  Filippo  Beroaldo,  "  saluta  Beroaldum." 
Another  letter  from  the  same  correspondent,  Sept.  19,  1490,  asks  for  a 


16  INTRODUCTION 

But  he  probably  spent  most  of  his  remaining  life  at  Man- 
tua.2^.  On  May  22,  1513,  he  was  elected  General  of  the 
entire  Carmelite  Order;  and  he  seems  to  have  held  this 
office  till  his  death. ^^  During  his  brief  term  of  office  he 
consolidated  the  congregation  of  Albi,  a  French  imitation 

catalogue  of  the  monastery  library  at  Bologna:  "  indicem  bibllothecae 
vestrae  Bononiensis,  si  id  tuo  commodo  fieri  potest "  {loannis  Pici 
Mirandulae  Concordiae  comitis  opera,  Bologna,  1496,  foil.  145,  150). 
And  Mantuan's  reply  to  this  second  letter  is  dated  at  Bologna,  Oct. 
I,  1490  (quoted  in  the  Bologna  edition  of  his  collected  poems,  1502). 

20  In  1493  (Oct.  ,22)  he  delivered  a  funeral  oration  at  Mantua,  on 
Leonora  d'  Aragona,  the  mother  of  Isabella  d'  Este  (printed  copy  in 
the  Biblioteca  Comunale  at  Bologna).  In  1494  (Oct.  29  and  Nov, 
27)  and  in  1495  (Jan.  3)  he  writes  to  the  younger  Pico  della  Miran- 
dola  from  Mantua  (/•.  P.  Miraiidtdae  opera,  Bologna,  1496,  foil. 
164,  161,  i6ib).  [J.  H.  Lupton,  Life  of  Dean  CoJet,  1887,  p.  67, 
says  that  Colet  may  have  met  with  Mantuan  "in  Paris,  where  (ac- 
cording to  Trittenheim)  he  was  staying  in  1494."]  In  November, 
1496  he  seems  to  have  been  at  least  temporarily  absent  from  Mantua, 
for  his  oration  In  funere  Ferrandi  Regis  was  delivered  by  his 
friend  Pietro  da  Novellara  (Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  69).  In  1497  he 
was  in  Florence,  as  the  dedication  of  his  Eclogues  states :  "  anno 
praeterito,  cum  Florentia  rediens  Bononiam  pervenissem,"  etc.  In 
1500  he  was  at  Mantua:  "Ego  dum  Bononiae  ingenuis  disciplinis 
vacarem  in  ipso  iubileo  anno  profectus  sum  Mantuam,  ut  Baptistam 
quem  ex  libris  noveram  coram  quoque  viderem,"  etc.  (Letter  of 
Thomas  Wolf,  Jr.,  to  Jakob  Wimpfeling,  Feb.  24,  1503).  In  Au- 
gust, 1504,  a  letter  of  Isabella  d'  Este  promises  to  send  to  Giovanni 
Sabadino  "  sei  sacchi  di  frumento  "  ;  and  the  gift  is  to  go  to  Bologna 
in  charge  of  the  "  R.*^"  frate  Bap.*'  Spagnolo  "  (S.  von  Arx,  Roman. 
For  sell.,  XXVI,  813).  On  July  i,  i?o6,  he  wrote  to  his  brother  Tolo- 
meo :  "  In  questo  tempo  di  questo  nostro  exilio  ho  fatto  trascrivere 
tutte  le  nostre  cose  nove  "  (F.  Gabotto,  Un  poeta  beatificato,  1892, 
p.    17). 

21  Ventimiglia,  Hist.  Chron.  General.  Carm.,  Naples,  1773,  p. 
171.  Many  ancient  and  modern  accounts  say  that  Mantuan  soon  re- 
signed his  high  office — because  his  reforms  were  opposed,  or  in  order 
to  devote  himself  entirely  to  literature.  Possibly  the  tradition  is  based 
upon  a  remark  by  Seb.  Murrho,  in  the  preface  to  his  commentary 
on  the  first  Parihcnice:  "  audivimus  ex  Conrado  Leontorio,  quo  a 
secretis  familiariter  utimur,  magistratu  se  quem  in  eo  ordine  sum- 
mum  gessit  abdicavisse,  ut  liberius  humanis  divinisque  litteris  vacare 
posset."  This  preface  is  not  dated,  but  it  was  printed  in  1513  (at 
the  beginning  of  Ascensius'  Paris  edition),  and  it  may  have  been 
taken  to  refer  to  that  year.  But  Murrho  died  in  149?  ;  and  his  re- 
port must  refer  to  Mantuan's  office  of  Vicar-general,  not  to  his 
office  of  General  at  all. 


LIFE  OF  MANTUAN  17 

of  the  Mantuan  Reform."  In  1515  he  was  appointed 
Apostolic  Legate  to  arrange  peace  between  Francis  I  and  the 
Duke  of  Milan  f^  but  he  was  prevented  by  age  and  infirmity 
from  undertaking  this  mission.  He  died  at  Mantua,  March 
20,  1516.2*     He  was  beatified  December  17,  1885. ^^ 

In  form  and  feature  Baptista  was  not  very  handsome  or 
imposing.  One  of  his  admirers  who  visited  him  in  the  year 
1500  can  only  say,  with  Odysseus,  that  "  the  gods  do  not  give 
every  gracious  gift  to  all,  neither  shapeliness  nor  wisdom  nor 
skilled  speech  "  ^^ — "  scias  id  rectissime  posse  de  Baptista 
dici  quod  Homerus  et  ceteri  vates  de  Ulysse  rettulerunt,  qui 
corpore  parvus  et  forma  indecorus  sed  ingenio  maximus  et 
animo  speciosissimus  fuisse  perhibetur."  ^^  So  Luca  Gaurico 
calls  him  "  parvus  et  modicae  staturae,"  in  his  Tractatiis 
Astrologicusr^  And  Bandello  says  that  he  was  very^ugly: 
"  era  brutto  come  il  culo,  e  pareva  nato  dai  Baronzi. 


n  29 


22  Catholic  Encyclopedia,  II  (1907).  276. 

23  Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  93;  A.  Luzio,  Archivio  storico  ital- 
iano,  XL  (1907).  Pt-  3»  P-  i- 

24  His  epitaph,  in  the  Carmelite  church  at  Mantua,  is  quoted 
by  Saverio  Bettinelli,  Delle  Lettere  e  delle  Arti  Mantovane,  Man- 
tua, 1774,  p.  99:  "  R.  P.  Magister  Jo.  Bapt.  Mantuanus  Carmelita 
Theologus  Philosofus  Poeta  Orator  clarissimus  latinae  graecae  & 
hebraicae  linguae  peritissimus."  His  tomb  is  now  in  the  Cathedral 
at  Mantua. 

25  The  Decrehim  is  quoted  by  Fanucchi,  Delia  Vita  del  Beato  Bat- 
tista  Spagnoli,  Lucca,   1887,  pp.  217-18. 

26  Homer,  Od.,  vni,  167.  Cf.  Ov.  A.  A.,  n,  123,  "  non  formosus 
erat,  sed  erat  facundus  Ulixes." 

27  Letter  from  Thomas  Wolf,  Jr.,  to  Jakob  Wimpfeling,  written 
at  Strassburg,  February  24,   1503. 

2  8  Quoted  by  F.  Gabotto,   Un  poeta  beatificato,  1892,  p.  8. 

"^^  Nov  ell  e,  lu,  52,  fin.  (quoted  by  Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  66). 
The  Baronzi  were  a  Florentine  family,  proverbial  for  their  homely 
features.  Bandello's  lively  description  is  hardly  borne  out  by  the 
surviving  portraits  of  the  poet.  There  are  at  least  three  busts  of 
him  at  Mantua;  and  these  suggest  only  a  rather  benevolent  coun- 
tenance with  a  very  prominent  nose.  One  is  a  contemporary  portrait 
in  terra-cotta,  now  in  the  Museo  Patrio  ;  another  is  a  large  bust,  in 
bronzed  wood,  now  in  the  Palazzo  degli  Studi  (it  was  transferred 
thither  "ex  aede  Carmelit."  in  1783);  while  a  third  may  be  seen 
above  the  poet's  tomb  in  the  Cathedral.  There  is  another  very  in- 
teresting bust,  in  bronze,  ia  the  Royal  Museum  at  Berlin;  this  is 
beautifully   reproduced    for    an    article    by   W.    Bode,    Jahrbuch    der 


18  INTRODUCTION 

HIS    FAMILY   AND   FRIENDS 

As  a  member  of  a  monastic  order — Frater  Baptista  Man- 
tuanus — our  author  never  calls  himself  by  his  family  name. 
He  was  the  son  of  Pietro  Spagnolo,  a  Spanish  nobleman 
from  Granada,  Avho  had  himself  lost  his  family  name  of 
t  Moduer  (or  Modover)  and  received  the  name  Spagnolo, 
from  the  name  of  his  own  country.^*'  His  father,  and  his 
grandfather,  "Antonius  Cordubensis,"  ^^  took  part  in  the 
naval  battle  off  Gaeta  in  1435 — when  Alfonso  V  of  Aragon 
W'as  defeated  by  the  Genoese.  Being  taken  prisoner  along 
with  their  king,  they  spent  some  time  at  Milan;  ^nd  they 
remained  in  Italy  after  Alfonso  was  released  : 

Hesperios  inter  proceres  quos  invida  laudi 
in  praedam  fortuna  dedit  turn  prima  ferebat 
Alfonso  sub  rege  merens  Antonius  arma 
cui  genus  et  patrium  dederat  sua  Corduba  nomen.  .  . 
ipse  pium  casus  dominum  comitatus  in  omnes 
venit  ad  Insubres  ubi,  postquam  vincula  passo 
affuit  Alfonso  melior  fortuna,  relictus, 
seu  fuerit  casus  seu  caeli  immobile  fatum, 
egregium  decus  et  nomen   sibi  fecit  in  armis.-^- 

Koniglich  Preussischen  Kunsfsammlungen,  i88g,  Heft  iv.  These 
busts  are  doubtless  more  reliable  than  the  rude  woodcut  which 
adorns  the  Lyons  edition  of  Mantuan's  later  works,  15 16,  the 
frontispiece  of  the  Cologne  edition  of  the  Eclogues,  1688,  or  the 
highly  idealized  portrait  which  appears  in  the  biography  by  Florido 
Ambrogio,  Turin,    1784. 

.so  «  Petrus  Spagnolus,"  as  he  is  called  in  the  title  of  the  De  vila 
beata.  In  his  epitaph  (in  the  Carmelite  church  at  Mantua)  he  was 
called  "  Petrus  Sp.  Modover  "  (quoted  in  d'Arco's  MS.  history,  in  the 
R.  Archivio  di   Stato   at   Mantua). 

3^  Cf.  Baptista's  oration  hi  funere  Ferrandi  regis  (printed  at 
Brescia  in  1496)  :  "  sub  hoc  Alfonso  avus  meus  Antonius  Cordubensis 
in  Italiam  venisse  et  meruisse  se  narrabat,  cum  ego  adhuc  puer  senem 
admirarer  more  veteranorum  militum  sui  temporis  bella  recitantem." 
In  the  Trophaeum  pro  Gallis  expiilsis,  Bk.  v  (Bologna  ed.,  1502, 
fol.  374b),  he  says  of  his  brother  Tolomeo  : 

proavos  fecunda  virorum 
magnanimorum  altrix  et  mater  Corduba  vatum 
huic  dederat,  proavos  armis  et  sanguine  claros. 

So  Paulus  Jovius  says  "ex  Hispaniola  gente  honesta "  (E/ogia 
virorum  Uteris  illustrium,  Basel  ed.,   I577»  P-    Ii7)- 

^^  Alfonsus,  Bk.  v  (Bologna  ed.,  1502,  fol.  303).     There  is  a  similar 


MANTUAN'S  FAMILY  19 

Pietro  went  to  Mantua,  and  there  rose  to  high  favor  with 
the  reigning  house : 

Petrus  enim  senis  Antoni  generosa  propagn 
Mintiadas  adiit  populos,  iibi  Gonzagarum 
regia,  et  insignem  claro  sub  principe  nactus 
eximia  virtute   locum  primordia   genti 
condit ;  et  annoso  cedet  iam  f rigidus  aevo. 

In  1457  he  appears  as  steward  {sescalco)  of  the  Marquis 
Lodovico,  who  in  1460  conferred  upon  him  and  his  sons 
the  citizenship  of  Mantua.^^  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  the 
next  two  marquises  also,  Federico  and  Francesco,  and  lived 
to  round  out  fifty  years  of  faithful  service  to  their  house. 
He  died  early  in  1494. 

In  his  Vitae  suae  Epitome  Mantuan  states  that  his  father 
encouraged  his  youthful  studies: 

a  teneris  colui  Musas,  mihi  semper  ad  artes 
ingenuas  calcar  cura  paterna  fuit. 

There  is  a  passage  in  the  seventh  Eclogue,  59  if.,  which  has 
been  regarded  as  a  reference  to  the  author's  own  life: 

.  durus  et  immitis  pater  atque  superba  noverca 

Pollucem  graviore  iugo  pressere  iuventae 
tempore,  cum  dulces  animos  nova  suggerit  aetas. 
et  cum  iam  invalidae  longo  sub  pondere  vires 
deficerent  nuUaque   odium   mansuesceret   arte, 
constituit  temptare  fugam,  etc. 

"  Videtur  autem  haec  vera  vitae  ipsius  poetae  descriptio," 

account  in  the  Epithalamium  addressed  to  the  poet's  brother  Tolomeo 
(Antwerp  ed.,  vol.  ni,  fol.  302).  This  gives  a  different  explanation 
of  Antonio's  remaining  in  Italy  :  "  ad  Ducis  ascitus  magno  aere  An- 
tonius  arma." 

33  S.  Davari,  Delia  famiglia  Spagnola,  quale  risulia  dai  documenti 
dell'  Archivio  Storico  Gonzaga,  Mantua,  1873,  p.  4.  Cf.,  also,  the 
Dialogus  contra  Detractores,  Lyons  ed.,  1516,  fol.  e,  i :  *' Petrum  vide- 
licet patrum  tuum,  virum  ornatissimum  ac  splendidissimum,  sub 
huius  nostri  principis  patre  atque  avo  domi  forisque  in  praeclaris 
negotiis  summa  cum  laude  semper  versatum."  In  a  letter  to  the 
Marquis  Francesco,  Nov.  10,  1494,  Baptista  could  say,  of  his  father's 
services  to  the  Marquis'  house :  "  el  quale  cinquanta  anni  continui 
servi,"  etc.  (Autograph  letter  preserved  in  the  R.  Archivio  di  State 
at  Mantua). 


20  INTRODUCTION 

as  Ascensius  immediately  explained  it.  And  Niceron  saw 
in  the  "  superba  noverca  "  a  hint  of  the  poet's  illegitimate 
birth. ^*  But  this  interpretation  hardly  agrees  with  the 
fact  that  his  early  treatise  De  vita  beat  a  is  addressed  to 
his  father  in  terms  of  affection :  "  ego  enim  qui  te  mihi 
carior  sit  inter  mortales  habeo  neminem." 

Baptista  had  many  brothers  and  sisters. ^^  The  eldest, 
Tolomeo,^^  became  the  confidential  secretary  of  the  Mar- 
quis Francesco,  and  rose  to  such  favor  that  he  was  even 
allowed  to  take  the  name  of  Gonzaga.^^  But  he  grossly 
abused  this-  confidence — by  forgery  and  fraud  and  traffick- 
ing in  justice — and  after  the  death  of  the  Marquis  (1519) 
he  was  forced  to  flee  from  the  city."^     Another  brother  was 

^*  Me  mo  ires  (Paris  ed.,  1734),  xxvii,  107,  "  il  se  plaint,  sous  le 
nom  de  Pollux,  des  rigueurs  et  de  la  fierte  de  sa  belle-mere,  qui  ne 
peut-etre  autre  que  cette  Constance." 

^^  "  ampla  i  nostra  domus  pollens  numero  fratrum  atque  sororum,'' 
Epithalamium   (Antwerp  ed.,   1576,  ill,  fol.  302). 

3^  Tolomeo  seems  to  have  been  of  illegitimate  birth;  and  Baptista 
himself  may  have  been  "  ex  damnato  coitu  natus,"  as  Paulus  Jovius 
puts  it :  S.  Davari,  op.  cit.,  4-9.  In  the  Epithalamium  already 
quoted,  Baptista  calls  Tolomeo — and  apparently  himself — the  son  of 
Costanza  de'  Madi  (or  de'  Maggi),  of  Brescia: 

haec  est  Maia  domus  pollens  propagine  tanta, 
tot  Claris  ornata  viris  ;   Constantia  mater 
hinc,  germane,  tibi  nuribus  praelata  pudicis. 

^■^  By  a  decree  of  the  Marquis,  Jan.  6,  1507:  S.  Davari,  op.  cit, 
10.  In  the  dedication  of  the  Dialogus  contra  Detractores,  and  in  a 
letter  of  Mario  Equicola  (Nov.  10,  1508),  he  is  called  '' Ptolemeus 
Gonzaga."  At  the  close  of  the  Dialogus,  Baptista  says  of  him :  "  ob 
singularem  fidem  atque  industriam  in  Gonzagarum  familiam  privi- 
legio  ascitus  "  (Lyons  ed.,  1516,  fol.  e,  i)  ;  and  Equicola  has,  "  huic 
cum  Ptolemeus  a  secretis  solus  primus  sit  voluntatum  et  consiliorum 
adiutor  et  particeps."  In  the  Trophaeum  pro  Gallis  expulsis,  Bk.  V 
(a  passage  referring  to  the  year  1496),  he  is  introduced  as  com- 
forting the  Marchioness  Isabella: 

tristibus  his  curis  aderat  facundus  et  acri 
ingenio  praestans  iuvenis  Ptolemeus 

(Bologna  ed.,  1502,  fol.  374)- 

3®  Baptista  addressed  to  him  his  sixth  Parthenice  (on  St.  Apol- 
lonia),  a  poem  on  the  death  of  their  brother  Federico  Antonio 
(1506),  a  Dialogus  contra  Detractores,  and  an  Epistola  contra  Calum- 
niator es.  Tolomeo  published  a  learned  Apologia  contra  detrahentes 
operibus  B.  M.  (c.  1509),  and  after  our  poet's  death  we  find  him  ar- 
ranging for  a  worthy  monument  for  him  (Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  63). 


MANTUAN'S  FAMILY  21 

the  Canon  Alessandro,  who  is  mentioned  in  a  document  of 
December  1497  as  judge  in  a  law-suit  between  the  youth- 
ful Raffaello  Sanzio  and  his  stepmother.  There  he  is  called 
"  decretorum  doctor"  and  "  vicario  del  vescovo  urbinate."  ^''* 
About  1507  he  is  made  one  of  the  speakers  in  the  Dialogiis 
co7itra  Detractores,  and  called  "  praeclarus  iurisconsultus  et 
nostrae  cathedralis  ecclesiae  canonicus."  "^^  But  Alessandro 
became  implicated  in  his  brother's  frauds,  and  after  their 
exposure  he  joined  the  erring  Tolomeo  in  Rome.^^  There 
is  a  pleasant  glimpse  of  a  third  brother,  Roberto  Lucano,  in 
a  letter  written  by  Baptista  to  Tolomeo,  Sept.  8,  1503.  Here 
it  is  reported  that  Roberto  has  returned  to  Mantua  after 
spending  some  time  in  the  Levant,  in  the  service  of  the 
Venetian  State.  He  has  brought  back  a  Venetian  accent, 
and  a  knowledge  of  spoken  Greek,  and  all  the  air  of  a  man 
of  the  world.  And  now  he  wishes  to  return  to  Venice,  and 
hopes  to  go  with  the  Venetian  ambassador  to  the  King  of 
Spain. *^  Still  another  of  this  talented  family — "  Claris  de 
tot  mihi  fratribus  unum,"  as  Baptista  might  well  call  him 
— was  Federico  Antonio,  who  died  of  the  plague  in  1506. 
This  was  the  accomplished  orator  who  had  stood  before 
kings  and  princes,  who  knew  all  law  and  all  histories,  who 
was  loved  of  all  the  Muses,  who  spent  his  days  and  nights 
in  study,  sitting  among  his  books  like  a  consul  among  the 
senators  and  asking  each  in  turn  what  advice  or  information 
it  could  give : 

lucra  nihil   curans,  nihil  emolumenta,   sedebat 
inter  mille  libros  velut  in  coetu  atque  corona 
mille  senatorum  consul,  quid  sentiat  unus 
quisque  super  rerum  causis  et  origine  tota 
luce  rogans  et  nocte  domi,  quam  plurima  chartis 
lucubrata  diu  mandans  studioque  reponens 
multa  gravi,  quae  forte  sequens  mirabitur  aetas.^^ 

3  9  Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  62. 

^0  In  a  decree  of  April  28,  1515,  he  is  called  "  canonico  mantovano 
e  consigliere  del  Marchese  :"  S.  Davari,  op.  cit.,  14. 

*^  Baldessar  Castiglione  had  previously  gone  to  Rome,  to  ask  per- 
mission to  proceed  against  him :  Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  62. 

*2  Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  62.  In  a  decree  of  Oct.  17,  151 1,  he  is 
called  "  segretario  marchionale  "  :  S.  Davari,  op.  cit.,  14. 

*3  De  morte  Federici  Spagnoli  fratris  sui  (Ascensius'  ed.,  Paris, 
1513,  vol.  II,  fol.  161). 


22  INTRODUCTION 

Other  members  of  the  family  were  Berardo,  whom  Baptista 
could  recommend  to  the  Marquis  (Nov.  10,  1494)  as  "del 
corpo  prosperoso  et  assai  litterato  et  di  bono  ingegno  ;""*■* 
Cesare,  who  is  mentioned  in  a  document  of  Aug.  14,  1512, 
as  "  spectabilis  et  eximius  artium  et  medicine  doctor;"  and 
a  Dominican  friar  (perhaps  named  Paolo)  whom  Baldessar 
Castiglione  found  in  Rome  in  1519.^^  There  were  two 
sisters,  Anna  and  Margherita.  And  still  another  brother 
was  Egidio,**^  who  died  in  battle  in  1509 — when  the  Mar- 
quis Francesco  was  surprised  and  captured  in  a  night  at- 
tack, near  Legnago : 

nos  quoque  tempestas  ista,  o  Ptolemaee,  redegit 
in  luctum,  in  lacrimas,  longa  in  suspiria,  quando 
Aegidius   frater  nobis  cum  Principe   raptus 
ante  diem,  missus   Princeps  in  vincula,   frater 
in  tumulum,  datus  in  praedam  furialibus  armis.**" 

From  Mantuan's  own  writings  we  can  collect  a  long  list 
of  his  friends  and  patrons  in  various  cities.  It  must  have 
meant  much  to  him  in  his  later  years  that  he  enjoyed  the 
favor  and  the  patronage  of  the  Gonzagas — especially  of  the 
Marquis  Francesco,  the  Marchioness  Isabella  (who  is  best 
knowm  as  Isabella  d'Este),  and  the  Cardinal  Sigismondo.*^ 

***  Autograph  letter  in  the  R.  Archie  io  di  Stato  at  Mantua. 

45  "  un  fratello  del  Tolomeo  Spagnolo  che  e  frate  in  S.  Domenico 
e  si  lamenta  delle  calunie  che  si  spargono  sul  conte  di  Tolomeo  e  di 
Alessandro  "    (S.   Davari,  op.  cit.,   15). 

^6 '' Cancelliere  della  Segreteria  di  Corte  "  from  1504  to  1506:  S. 
Davari,  op.  cit,   15. 

^~  De  fortuna  Fr.  Gonzagae  (Antwerp  ed.,  1576,  ni,  fol.  188). 
The  same  events  are  mentioned  in  the  De  hello  Veneto  anni  i5og 
(Lyons  ed.,  15 16,  fol.  F,  iii). 

■*^  For  the  Marquis  he  wrote  the  five  books  Trophaeum  pro  Gallis 
expulsis  (c.  1498)  and  a  Carmen  de  jortiina  F.  G.  (1509).  To  the 
Marchioness  he  dedicated  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  seventh  Parthe- 
nicae  (on  St.  Margarita,  St.  Agatha,  St.  Lucia,  and  St.  Caecilia),  an 
elegy  on  the  death  of  Pietro  da  Novellara  (1504),  a  "  silvula "  De 
Cupidine  marmoreo  dormienfe,  and  a  poem  on  the  death  of  Niccolo 
da  Correggio  (1508).  To  Sigismondo  (then  "  protonotarius ")  he 
dedicated  the  Silvae;  to  the  same  patron  (when  Bishop  of  Mantua) 
a  Tractatus  de  loco  conceptionis  Christi,  and  (when  Cardinal)  an 
Apologia  contra  eos  qui  detrahtint  ordini  Carmelitaruni.  The  Marquis 
is  further  complimented  by  being  included  in  an  address  to  the 
various  Christian  potentates  which  urges  them  to  take  up  arms  against 


PATRONS  AND  FRIENDS  23 

And  he  had  other  good  friends  at  Mantua,  in  Paride 
Ceresara/^  Baptista  Fiera,^^  Andrea  Mantegna  -'^  and  Mario 
Equicola.""^"  But  he  had  already  made  many  friends  in 
Bologna,  and  Florence,  and  Rome.  At  Bologna,  he  owed 
much  to  Gio.  Baptista  Refrigerio  and  Lodovico  Foscarari 
(who  have  been  mentioned  above,  p.  12),^^  and  he  was  on 
intimate  terms  with  the  novelist  Sabadino,"'*  with  Count 
Andrea  Bentivoglio,^^  Antonio  Fantuzzi  ^^^  and  Filippo 
Beroaldo.^^  Of  friends  made  at  Rome,  we  have  already 
mentioned    Filippo    Baveria,    Falcone    de'    Sinibaldi    and 

the  Turk.  And  a  letter  from  Gioviano  Pontano,  June  i,  1499,  sug- 
gests that  Mantuan  had  tried  to  enlist  his  aid  in  celebrating  the  ex- 
ploits of  his  patron  :  "  de  principe  vero  tuo  illustrando.  bonam  tibi 
promittere  voluntatem  possum ;  verum  quid  promittat,  cui  nihil  om- 
nino  est  quod  det  in  penu  ?  non  deero  tamen  virtutibus  fortissimi  ac 
magnanimi  ducis  "  (printed  in  the  Bologna  edition  of  Mantuan's 
collected  poems,  1502).  The  new  Catholic  Encyclopedia  (ll,  276) 
states  that  it  was  "  through  the  exertions  of  his  former  disciples," 
the  Marquis  and  the  Cardinal,  that  Mantuan  was  elected  General 
of  his   order. 

■*^To  whom  the  revised  Eclogues  were  dedicated,  Sept.  i,  1498, 
For  some  account  of  him,  see  p.  121. 

^^  Who  is  praised  as  a  physician  and  as  a  poet,  Trophaeum  pro 
Gallis  expulsis,  Bk.  v  (Bologna  ed.,  1502,  fol.  375).  See,  also, 
Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  54-57.  A  sumptuous  edition  of  his  poems  was 
printed  at  Venice  in  1537. 

^^  The  well  known  painter.     His  skill  is  celebrated  in  Silvae,  n,  6. 

52  Secretary  to  Isabella  d'  Este.  In  a  letter  of  Nov.  10,  1508,  he 
expresses  his  readiness  to  reply  to  Baptista's  detractors. 

5^  The  two  friends  to  whom  he  dedicated  the  first  Parthenice.  For 
Refrigerio,  see  L.  Frati,  Giorn.  stor.  d.  lett.  ital.,  xn,  327-8,  and  S. 
von  Arx,  Roman.  Forsch.,  xxvi,  770.  In  148 1  he  calls  himself  Man- 
tuan's pupil. 

5*  To  whom  he  wrote  a  Consolaiio  on  the  death  of  a  son  (1485), 
Silvae,  I,  7.  Mantuan  is  introduced  in  very  complimentary  fashion 
in  the  closing  novel  of  the  Porretiane.  See,  further,  S.  von  Arx,  op. 
cit.,    771. 

5^  To  whom  he  dedicated  the  Somnium  Romanum  (c.  1487).  See, 
further,  S.  von  Arx,  op.  cit.,  771. 

5^  For  whom  he  composed  the  De  Patientia. 

^"^  Cf.  Beroaldo's  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  collected  poems, 
Bologna,  1502:  "  Gaudeo  ipse  mecum  et  gestio,  quod  talem  virum 
non  solum  familiariter  noverim  sed  etiam  habuerim  confessorem.*' 
See,  also,  Mantuan's  poem  De  reditu  Philip  pi  Beroaldi  iuvenis  litera- 
tissimi  ex  Gallia  {Silvae,  \u,  4). 


24  INTRODUCTION 

Oliviero  Caraf a,  Cardinal  of  Naples ;  and  to  these  we  should 
add  Pomponius  Laetus,^^  Gio.  Gioviano  Pontano,^^  and  per- 
haps also  Alessandro  Cortese  ^^  and  Petrus  Marsus.®^  At 
Florence,  he  had  very  distinguished  friends  in  Pico  della 
Mirandola  (both  the  uncle  and  the  nephew)  and  Angelo 
Poliziano ;  and  his  correspondence  shows  that  his  friendship 
with  these  men  (as  with  Beroaldo)  was  not  merely  a  formal 
matter,  but  something  very  real  and  intimate. 

In  a  letter  to  Mantuan,  Jan.  13,  1490,  Pico  answers  a 
request  for  the  loan  of  a  copy  of  Philostratus :  "  en  tibi 
Apollonium,  quem  si  tuae  virtuti,  tuis  in  me  officiis  non  de- 
berem,  deberem  certe  vel  his  litteris  quibus  eum  efflagitas. 
tantus  in  illis  amor,  tanta  humanitas."  ^-  In  a  second  letter, 
Mar.  20,  1490,  he  has  to  speak  of  a  passage  of  Philostratus, 
and  of  a  passage  in  the  Book  of  Genesis : 

de  Apollonio  Thyaneo  nihil  sentio  magis  quam  quod  tu  sentis,  super 
qua  re  scribam  ad  te  plura,  cum  erit  otium,  et  quae  tibi  erunt  fortasse 
non  ingrata.  de  diversitate  translationis  nostrae  a  littera  Hebraica 
in  tertio  capite  libri  Geneseos,  ubi  de  Eva  agitur  et  serpente,  sic 
equidem  censeo,  etc. 

^^  To  whom  the  Epigranimaia  ad  Falconem  profess  to  have  been 
submitted  for  criticism.  In  the  Epistola  contra  Calumtiiatores  he  is 
called   "  mihi   familiarissimus "    (Lyons  ed.,    15 16,   fol.   Aa,  vi). 

^^  Pontano  is  mentioned  in  complimentary  fashion  in  the  second 
book  of  the  Trophaeum,  where  Fame  carries  the  news  of  Fornovo  to 
King  Ferdinand,  "  Pontanique  ora  poetae  '  accipit."  His  letter  to 
Mantuan  already  cited  begins :  "  Et  initae  Romae  memor  sum  ami- 
citiae,  et  ingenii  tui  excellens  vis  momentis  paene  singulis  id  efficit 
ut  doctrinae  vel  summa  etiam  cum  admiratione  meminerim  tuae.  an 
eius  ego  obliviscar?  quem  Latinae  Musae  non  memorabilem  modo 
verum  maxime  etiam  admirabilem  et  nostris  faciunt  et  facturae  sunt 
saeculis."  He  adds  that  he  is  sending  some  samples  of  his  historical 
work,  and  will  send  some  of  his  other  compositions  later.  And  Man- 
tuan acknowledges  the  receipt  of  some  of  these  poems  in  Silvae,  vi, 
I.  Pontano  is  mentioned  also  in  Tolomeo's  Apologia:  "  erat  enim 
ille  vir  poetae  nostro  sic  addictus,  sicut  constat  ex  eius  epistolis,  ut 
eum  loco  numinis  habere  videretur  "   (Lyons  ed.,  15 16,  fol.  E,  e). 

^^  Whose  death  he  bewails  in  a  poem  addressed  to  Hermolaus  Bar- 
barus,  Silvae,  Viii,  2.  Chevalier's  Repertoire  (Paris,  1905)  puts  Cor- 
tese's  death  in   1499.     But  Hermolaus  Barbarus  died  in  1493. 

^^  Mantuan  wrote  a  six-line  epigram  on  his  oration  In  die  Sancti 
Stephani  primi  martyris,  describing  it  as  "breve  sed  magnae  re- 
ligionis  opus."  And  it  was  through  his  recommendation  that  the 
speech  was  printed  at  Rome,  c.  1490. 

^-  Quoted  by  Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  178. 


PATRONS  AND  FRIENDS  25 

And  the  messages  at  the  close  seem  to  make  the  little  circle 
complete :  "  saluta  Beroaldum.  Politianus  tuus  est  totus." 
In  a  third  letter,  Sept.  19,  1490,  he  has  enthusiastic  praise 
for  Mantuan's  religious  poetry,  and  asks  for  the  return  of 
his  precious  Greek  author : 

Olim  ad  te,  optime  pater,  non  scripsi,  sed  interim  legi  quae  tu 
scripsisti,  divina  scilicet  atque  sanctissima  ilia  tua  poemata,  in  quibus 
ea  rerum  maiestas,  is  splendor  est  eloquentiae,  ut  certatim  in  illis 
palmam.  sibi  vendicare  verba  atque  sententiae  videantur  .  .  .  hoc 
unum  dixero,  delectari  me  adeo  lectione  tuorum  carminum,  ut  fere 
quotidie,  cum  me  vel  taedium  vel  fatigatio  ceperit,  in  ilia  quasi  in 
hortum  deliciarum  solitus  sim  secedere.  unde  animo  tanta  semper 
oboritur  voluptas  ut  nihil  cupiat  magis  quam  iterum  fatigari,  ut 
iterum  recreetur.  Philostratum  de  Apollonii  vita,  si  satis  illo  es 
usus,  desidero,  etc.^^ 

And  the  closing  words  are :  "  vale,  et  Beroaldum  nostrum 
saluta."  Mantuan's  reply  to  this  third  letter,  Oct.  1,  1490, 
is  printed  in  the  Bologna  edition  of  his  collected  works, 
1502:  "  Hodie  mihi  in  sacrario  nostro  cum  Beroaldo,  ut 
saepe  soleo,  fabulanti  redditae  sunt  litterae  tuae."  As  for 
the  Philostratus,  he  says:  "Philostratum  tuum  prius  lec- 
tione eius  apprime  delectatus  tradidi  Beroaldo  perlegen- 
dum."  And  his  letter  ends :  "  vale,  et  Politianum  nostrum 
salutato."  In  a  letter  to  the  younger  Pico  della  Mirandola, 
Oct.  29,  1494,  he  says  at  the  close:  "  cupio  enim  tecum  esse, 
ut  possemus  studiorum  tu  meorum  et  ego  tuorum  particeps 
esse."  And  another  of  his  letters  to  the  same  correspondent, 
Jan.  3,  1495,  ends  with  the  message:  "bene  valeat  Domina 
tua,  cui  me  commendo."  ^*  One  short  letter  from  Poliziano 
may  be  quoted  entire: 

Nee  dubito  quin  amer  abs  te,  nee  exigo  quod  sit  incommodum ;  sed 
nee  officio  litterarum  metior  amicos,  quippe  quod  et  ab  inimicis  prae- 
stari  solet.  gratulatione  tua  quod  philosophiae  sim  deditus  ipse  mihi 
medius  fidius  ita  gratulor,  daturus  ut  operam  sim  quo  possis  in  dies 
magis  merito  mihi  gratulari.  sed  adulescens  hie  tuus  consilio  nostro 
si  fuisset  usus,  magis  fortasse  suis  rationibus  consuluisset.  nunc 
quoniam  consilio  noluit   (ni  frustra  augurium)   credo  nee  opera  iam 

63/.  p.  Mirandulae  Concordiae  Comitis  opera,  Bologna,  1496, 
foil.  14s,  150. 

^"^  lb.,  foil.  164,  161.  In  1505  Pico  submitted  one  of  his  poems  to 
Mantuan  for  criticism   (Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  104). 


26  INTRODUCTION 

volet  uti.  verumtamen  ei  cupio  scribas,  ut  a  me  expectet  omnia,  tui 
quidem  causa,  nihil  enim  molestius  quam  fuisse  hunc  mihi  abs  te 
frustra  commendatum.     vale.*^^ 

And  Still  others  who  may  be  mentioned  here  are  Carforo 
Machiavelli,  of  Ferrara,'^*'  Bernardo  Bembo,  of  Venice,*^' 
Georgius  Merula,  Hermolaus  Barbarus/^  Giov.  Pietro  Arri- 
vabene,  Bishop  of  Urbino,*^^  Pamphilo  Sasso,  of  Modena,'" 
and  the  German  scholar  Thomas  Wolf,  Jr.'^ 

HIS    WORKS 

Mantuan  achieved  distinction  in  various  fields — "  sacrae 
theologiae  doctor,  philosophus  insignis,  poeta  et  orator  cele- 
berrimus,"  as  Trithemius,  Abbot  of  Spanheim,  could  say  in 
1494.'-  Trithemius  mentions  also  his  proficiency  in  Greek 
— "  Latinae  linguae  decus  et  Graecae  clarus  interpres  " — 
and  Paulus  Jovius  makes  especial  mention  of  his  interest  in 
Hebrew.  Indeed,  Jovius  says  that  his  interest  in  Hebrew — 
"  insatiabilis  Hebraicorum  studiorum  cupiditas  "  —  inter- 
fered   with    the    fullest     exercise   of   his   poetic    gift:    "  ut 

^^  Omnia  opera  Angeli  Politiani,  Venice,   1498,  fol.  1,  5, 

^^To  whom  he  could  appeal  for  financial  help,  in  the  poem  Dt' 
suscepto  theologico  magisterio. 

^^  To  whom  the  second  Parthenice  was  dedicated.  And  it  was 
probably  out  of  compliment  to  this  Bembo  that  the  umpire  of  the 
tenth  Eclogue  was  named  "  Bembus  ". 

6S  '■'■  mors  Georgii  Merulae  .  .  .  tristitia  me  affecit  .  .  .  Hermolai 
et  Politiani  duoruni  illustrium  virorum  lamentabilis  occasus  attulit 
et  mihi  et  omnibus  litteratis  grave  cordolium  "  (Letter  to  Pico  della 
Mirandola  the  Younger,  Jan.  3,  1495). 

^^  To  whom  a  poem  {Silvae,  i,  6)  is  sent  with  a  gift  of  Avine. 

■^^To  whom  Silvae,  v,  5,  is  addressed.  In  the  fourth  book  of 
Pamphilo's  Epigrams  (Brescia  ed.,  1499)  there  is  a  poem  of  eighteen 
lines  addressed  to  Mantuan  ;  it  closes  with  the  words :  "  o  felix  copia 
laudum,  |  quas  aliis  laudes  vis  dare  tu  tibi  das."  The  first  six  epi- 
grams of  the  second  book  are  addressed  to  Paride  Ceresara ;  and  then 
come  three  on  the  death  of  Poliziano,  of  Pico  della  Mirandola,  and  of 
Georgius   Merula. 

■^^Who  visited  our  poet  at  Mantua  in  the  year  1500.  An  epigram 
printed  at  the  end  of  the  Silvae  (Bologna  ed.,  1502)  is  entitled:  /;/ 
Thomatn  Wolfiufu  Decretorufn  doctorem  ac  aedis  S.  Petri  et  Michaelis 
Argeutinensis  Decanum  qui  habebat  Basilisciim   mortmim   iocus. 

'^2  Catalogus  Scriptorum  Ecclesiasiicorum,  per  JoJiaiinem  a  Triten- 
heim,  Cologne,   1531. 


MANTUAN'S  WORKS  27 

.    .    .    in  excolendis  Musis  curam  ac  diligentiam  remittere . 

cogeretur."  '^^ 

His  writings  were  exceedingly  numerous,  and  included 
both  prose  and  verse.^*  Sabadino,  writing  before  1433, 
mentions  his  work  in  philosophy'^  and  gives  a  list  of  his 
earlier  Latin  poems."^*^  Trithemius,  writing  in  1494,  has  a 
longer  list,  and  adds:  "  vivit  adhuc  in  Italia  celeberrima 
opinione  ubique  nominatus  et  varia  conscribit." 

Apart  from  the  Eclogues,  his  poems  include  eight  books 
of  Silvae,  or  "  subitaria  carmina,"  ' '  three  books  De  suorum 
temporum  Calamitatibus;'^  and  seven  poems  each  entitled 

'^^Elogia  virorum  Uteris  illustrium,  Basel  ed.,  1577,  p.  Ii7- 
■^^  Dr.  H.  H.  Furness,  the  editor  of  the  Variorum  Shakespeare, 
gives  it  as  his  opinion  that  Mantuan  "  wrote  nothing  but  eclogues  •' 
(LLL,  IV,  2,  95).  But  Filippo  Beroaldo  could  say  of  him  in  1502: 
"  fecundus  prorsus  artifex,  utpote  qui  versuum  millia  plurima  condi- 
derit,  adeo  ut  Musae,  ut  Apollo,  ut  Dionysus,  ut  di  omnes  poetici 
nullum  hoc  saeculo  indulgentius  fovisse  videantur "  (Letter  to  the 
editor  of  the  collected  poems,  Bologna,  1502).  Lilio  Giraldi  says 
"  extant  illius  versus  paene  innumerabiles "  (De  poetis  nostrorum 
temporum).  And  the  amount  of  his  literary  output  came  to  be  almost 
proverbial;  cf.-  Les  Apres-Dinees  du  Seigneur  de  Cholieres  (1587)  : 
"  Direz  vous  que  Baptiste  Mantouan  n'ait  este  habile  homme,  qu  il 
n'ait  fait  aucune  chose?  Ses  oeuvres  le  nous  tesmoignent  treslabor- 
ieux,  et  neantmoins  il  estoit  carme  "  (Paris  ed.,  1879,  p.  57)-,  Indeed, 
his  brother  Tolomeo  could  say  of  him:  "qui  tanta  conscnpsit  (de 
poetis  loquor)  quanta  nemo  ahus  Latinorum "  {De  licentiis  anti- 
quorum  poetarum,   Lyons  ed.,  15 16,  fol.  Kk,  ii). 

75  "  El  quale,  seguendo  in  li  studii  dell  a  sacra  philosophia  la  doc- 
trina  del  subtilissimo  Scoto,  ha  scripto  in  quella  opre  eximie  et  pre- 
stante"    {Novella  LXi). 

<6«E1  Suburbano,  la  Presidentia  de  1'  oratore  et  del  poeta,  Lo- 
ciamo,  la  Morte  contemnenda,  el  Cola,  la  Porreta,  opre  tutte  scripte 
et  dedicate  al  suo  carissimo  Refrigerio,  similmente  la  Calamita  di 
nostri  tempi,  la  Vita  della  regina  di  cieli  et  altre  sue  excellentissime 
opre,  quale  sarebbeno  troppo  lungo  a  numerare." 

7  7  The  Silvae  are  arranged  in  eight  books  in  the  Bologna  edition 
of  1502.  The  Antwerp  edition  of  1576  makes  four  books.  Earlier 
editions  of  his  collected  poems  had  been  printed  c.  1499  (place  and 
date  not  stated),  and  in  1500  (at  Cologne).  Another  edition  (in- 
complete, but  with  copious  commentaries)  was  published  by  Badius 
Ascensius,  Paris,  15 13.  The  most  complete  edition  of  his  works  was 
issued  at  Antwerp  in  1576. 

7  8  Printed  at  Bologna  in  1489.  On  Jan.  29,  1480,  our  poet  writes 
from  Mantua  to  his  friend  Refrigerio  :  "  Librum  nostrum  de  calami- 
tatibus    hyemare    apud    nos    oportuit,    ut    et    si    minus    aliorum    meis 


28  INTRODUCTION 

Parthenice,  of  which  the  first  contains  three  books  on  the 
life  of  the  Blessed  Virgin/^  the  second  devotes  three  books 
to  the  story  of  St.  Catharine  of  Alexandria,^^  while  the 
others  deal  with  St.  Margarita,  St.  Agatha,  St.  Lucia,  St. 
Apollonia  and  St.  Caecilia.^^  And  there  are  similar  poems 
on  the  lives  of  Lodovico  Morbioli,  of  Bologna,^-  Dionysius 
the  Areopagite  (three  books), ^^  St.  George,**  St.  Blaise 
(two  books)  and  St.  Nicholas  of  Tolentino  (three  books ).*^ 
There  is  a  book  of  Epigrammata  ad  Falconem^^  six  books 
entitled  Alfonsus,^'^  five  books  of  a  Trophaeum  pro  Gallis 

tamen  notis  responderet.  me  et  ilium  simul  videbis."  Meanwhile, 
he  quotes  a  sample  passage,  thirty-nine  lines  from  the  close  of  the 
second  book :  "  Sylva  vetus  Dodona  timet,  gemuere  Molossi  |  rura 
soli,"  etc.  There  is  a  MS.  copy  of  this  letter  in  the  Library  of  the 
University  of  Bologna.  [The  poem  is  mentioned  in  the  closing  novel 
of  Sabadino's  Porretiane,  a  collection  which  is  commonly  assigned 
to   the   year    1478.] 

"^^  Published  at  Bologna  in  1481 — "  Bononiae  aeditum  iii.  id.  Feb. 
M.CCCC.LXXXI,"  as  is  stated  at  the  end  of  the  poem  in  the  Bologna 
edition  of  1488 — but  doubtless  circulated  before  it  was  "  published  ", 
like  Shakespeare's  "  sugred  Sonnets  among  his  priuate  friends."  The 
Apologeticon  which  is  prefixed  states  that  the  author  has  consented 
to  publish  it,  "  longis  precibus  expugnatus."  [This  poem  also  is 
mentioned  in  Sabadino's  closing  novel.] 

^0  Written  at  Rome  (apparently  in  the  summer  of  1488),  and 
printed   at   Bologna  in    1489. 

^^The  Caecilia  was  written  too  late  to  be  included  in  the  great 
Bologna  edition  of  1502.     It  was  printed  at  Milan  in  1507. 

82  Dedicated  to  Innocent  VIII    (1484-92). 

^3  Here,  as  often,  identified  with  the  holy  martyr  of  Gaul,  Diony- 
sius, the  first  Bishop  of  Paris.  The  poem  is  dedicated  "  ad  lafredum 
Carolum  Mediolani  Vicecancellarium  et  Delphinatus  Praesidem."  It 
was  printed  at  Milan  as  early  as  1506. 

8*  Dedicated  to  Gian  Giacomo  Trivulzio,  Grand  Marshal  of 
France;  printed  at  Milan  as  early  as  1507. 

8^  First  printed  at  Milan  in  1509;  the  dedication  is  dated,  Mantua, 
July  20,    1509. 

^^  Printed  at  Bologna  (along  with  the  two  poems  on  Roberto  da 
San  Severino)   in   1489. 

^■^  A  theological  poem,  which  describes  the  journey  of  a  young 
Alfonsus  through  Purgatory  and  the  Terrestrial  Paradise.  There  is 
ft  brief  and  rather  vague  account  of  the  conquest  of  Granada  (1492) 
at  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  book.  In  the  fifth  book  (Bologna  ed., 
1502,  fol.  303,  b)  there  is  a  reference  to  the  death  of  the  poet's  father 
(early   in    1494). 


MANTUAN'S  WORKS  29 

expulsis,^^  an  Ohiurgatio  cum  exhortatio?ie  ad  capienda  anna 
contra  infideles  ad  Potentatus  Christianos,^^  an  Exhortatio 
ad  Insubres  et  Ligiires,  six  books  entitled  Agellaria,^^  a 
short  poem  Ad  lulium  Secundum  Pont.  Max.^^'^  a  poem 
De  bello  Veneto  anni  i^og,  and  twelve  books  De  sacris 
diebus  which  set  forth  and  explain  the  various  Saints'  Days 
of  the  Roman  year.^^ 

Of  his  prose  works,  the  most  popular  seem  to  have  been 
the  De  vita  beata  ^"   and   the   three  books  De  patientia.^^ 

^s  Which  deals  with  events  of  the  years  1495  and  1496.  In  the 
second  book  (Bologna  ed.,  1502,  fol.  336)  there  is  a  reference  to  the 
death  of  Charles  VIII   (April  7,  1498). 

.  8  9  Printed   at   Milan  in    1507. 

^^  Dedicated  to  Don  Gonzalo  Hernand  y  Aguilar  ("il  Gran  Capi- 
tano ")  ;  quoted  in  Tolomeo's  Apologia,  c.  1508  (Lyons  ed.,  1516, 
fol.   Ff,  ii). 

^^  Which   refers   to   events  of   the   year    1506. 

^2  Dedicated  to  Leo  X  (crowned  Mar.  11,  1513),  and  first  printed 
at  Lyons  in  15 16.  Among  the  later  poems  printed  at  Lyons  in  15 16 
there  are  two  choruses  from  an  unfinished  tragedy.  These  were 
printed  at  Milan  in  151 1,  along  with  the  Viiae  suae  Epitome;  there 
is  a  copy  in  the  Library  of  the  University  of  Bologna.  In  a  letter 
printed  in  this  edition  Mantuan  writes  to  Antonius  Sabinus,  of 
Imola :  "  Dum  pridem  luderem  uitae  meae  Epitomen  Ant :  Sab  :  vir. 
litteratiss.  tu  Mediolano  ueniens  me  reuisisti.  Tibi  ergo  tanquam 
hospiti :  pro  xeniolo  hospitali  carmen  id  dono :  daturus  libentius  fei 
esset  longius  atque  limatius.  Addo  etiam  duos  choros  ex  tragoedia 
olim  a  me  inchoata  sed  non  consumata  (cui  nomen  est  Atila)  tunc 
inter  schedia  mea  casu  repertos."  Another  letter  is  added,  in  which 
*' F.  Matthaeus  Bandellus,  C.  ordinis  prae."  writes  from  Milan  ("ex 
aedib.  Gratiarum  calendis  decembris  ")  urging  Sabinus  to  have  the 
Epitome  printed. 

93  Printed  at  Alost  in    1474. 

°*  First  printed  at  Brescia  in  1497  ("per  Bernardinum  Misintam 
Papiensem,  iii.  Gal.  lunias").  The  careful  article  in  Niceron's 
Memoires  (Paris,  1734),  xxvii,  123,  gives  the  date  of  composition  as 
1498,  because  of  the  statement,  in,  29,  "  agitur  enim  nunc  a  Christo 
annus  millesimus  quadringentesimus  nonagesimus  octavus."  And  so 
the  text  runs  in  Ascensius'  edition,  Paris,  15 13.  Biit  this  sentence 
must  have  been  "  brought  up  to  date  "  by  some  one  who  printed  the 
treatise  in  1498 ;  for  both  the  Brescia  edition  of  1497  and  the  Venice 
edition  of  1499  have  "  nonagesimus  septimus."  And  what  Mantuan 
actually  wrote  in  this  passage  must  have  been  something  different 
still ;  for  each  of  these  early  editions  includes  a  letter  from  Helias 
Capreolus  to  loannes  Taberius  ("  Brixiae,  iiii.  Nonas  Decembres, 
1496  ")  which  states  that  the  treatise  has  been  brought  to  Brescia  by 


30  INTRODUCTION 

Trithemius  (writing  in  1494)  mentions  also  an  Introduc- 
toriiim  subtilis  Scoti,  a  book  of  "  orationes  elegantissimae," 
an  Apologia  pro  /.  Petro  (in  three  books), ''•^  and  "  epistolae 
multae  ad  diversos."  Some  of  his  later  works  (printed  at 
Lyons  in  1516)  were,  Tractatiis  de  loco  conceptionis 
Christi,^^'  De  causa  diversitatis  inter  inter prctcs  sacrae  scrip- 
turae,  Epistola  contra  calumniatores,  Dialogus  contra  de- 
tract ores, '^'^  Contra  eos  qui  detrahiint  ordini  Carmelitarum 
apologia.^^ 

HIS    POPULARITY 

He  wrote  with  the  greatest  fluency  and  rapidity, ^^^  and  is 
even  said  to  have  published  more  than  55,000  verses.  He 
tells  us  himself  that  his  poem  on  the  Blessed  Virgin — a 
poem  of  about  2900  lines — was  the  w^ork  of  two  years, 
"  duorum  annorum  lucubratio ;"  and  that  his  2100  lines  on 
St.  Catharine  of  Alexandria  w^ere  written  in  forty  days — 
merely  by  way  of  improving  the  time  in  an  enforced  sum- 
mer vacation.  ^"^^  But  in  spite  of  this  rapid  production  his 
writings  were  very  popular,  and  he  was  hailed  by  many  of 

Pietro  da  Novellara,  and  asks  that  it  be  printed.  The  fact  is,  that 
the  composition  of  the  De  Patientia  extended  over  a  considerable 
period  of  years. 

9^  Pietro  da  Novellara,  who  had  been  charged  with  heresy  (Fiorido 
Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  79).  The  discovery,  at  Mantua,  of  another  un- 
published work,  Tractatus  de  sanguine  Christi  (1492),  is  reported  in 
the  Analecta  Bollandiana,  xiii    (1894),  71-72. 

rewritten  in  1503:  Donesmondi,  Dell'  Istoria  Ecclesiastica  di 
Mantova,  vol.  ii   (Mantua,  1616),  p.  93. 

^'Dedicated  "ad  Ptolemeum  Gonzagam,"  i.  e.,  after  Jan.  6,  1507 
(S.  Davari,  op,  cit.,  10). 

^^  Dedicated  to  the  Cardinal  Sigismondo,  "  eiusdem  ordinis  pro- 
tectorem,"  i.  e.,  not  earlier  than  1508  (Donesmondi,  op.  cit.,  11,   no). 

^^  **  Poema  omne  carptim  composui,  cursim  absolvi,  non  fere  aliter 
quam  canes  aiunt  bibere  in  Aegypto  "  {Epistola  contra  Calumniatores, 
Lyons  ed.,  15 16,  fol.  Bb,  vi). 

100  «  Quadraginta  enim  et  non  amjilius  diebus  opus  absolutum  est, 
dum  propter  aestivum  iustitium  negotiis  intermissis  curamus  otia 
canicularia  salubriter  cum  aliqua  studiorum  fruge  transigere."  So, 
too,  his  three  books  on  Dionysius  the  Areopagite  were  written  in  a 
year :   "  lucubrationi   huic   annum   impendi." 


MANTUAN'S  POPULARITY  31 

his  contemporaries  as  a  second  Virgil.^  Tn  1496  Erasmus 
could  speak  of  him  as  a  "  Christianus  Maro,"  and  add : 

et  nisi  me  fallit  augurium,  erit,  erit  aliquando  Baptista  suo  con- 
cive  gloria  celebritateque  non  ita  multo  inferior,  simul  invidiam  anni 
detraxerint.2  habet,  habet  fortunatissimus  Carmelitarum  Ordo  quo 
sibi  placeat,  quo  cunctos  provocet. 

Even  before  his  death,  a  portrait  bust  of  him  was  set  up 
at  Mantua,  beside  one  of  Virgil  and  one  of  the  Marquis 
Francesco.^     His  works  were  carried  abroad,  often  by  mem- 

^  Thus  Sabadino  could  say  of  him  (before  1483)  :  "  che  e  iudicato 
essere  emulo  e,  se  cossi  e  licito  dire,  equiperare  el  divin  Marone  suo 
conterraneo "  {Not^eUa  LXi).  Sebastian  Murrho  could  write,  in  the 
preface  to  his  commentary  on  the  first  Parthenice  (c.  1493)  :  "  eius 
me  delectatum  ingenio  (quo  concivem  suum  Andinum  Vergilium 
facile  consequitur  et  aequat),"  etc.  Trithemius  considered  him  the 
equal  of  Cicero  in  prose,  of  Virgil  in  verse  :  "  qui  metro  Virgilium, 
Ciceronem  prosa  aequat,  ne  dicam  superat  "  (quoted  in  the  Antwerp 
ed.,  1576,  iv^  291).  Thomas  Wolf,  Jr.,  had  a  high  opinion  of  the 
Eclogues  in  particular  :  "  quae  eruditorum  sententia  totae  sunt  aureae. 
in  quibus  videre  licet  id  quod  in  Theocriti  et  Maronis  carmine 
maxime  admiramur "  (Letter  to  Jakob  Wimpfeling,  Feb.  24,  1503). 
Filippo  Beroaldo  ranked  him  next  to  Virgil :  "  proximus  longo  qui- 
dem  intervallo,  sed  tamen  proximus"  (Letter  to  the  editor  of  the 
collected  poems,  Bologna,  1502).  And  Teofilo  Folengo  ("  Merlinus 
Cocaius  ")    could  write — just  how  seriously,  it  is  hard  to  say — 

mons  quoque  Carmelus  Baptistae  versibus  altis 
iam  boat,   atque  novum    Manto   fecisse    Maronem 
gaudet,  nee  primo  praefert  tamen  ilia  Maroni, 
namque   vetusta  nocet  laus   nobis   saepe   modernis, 

Macaronea,  xxv,   fin. 

2  Letter  to  Henry  of  Bergen,  Opera  omnia  (Leyden,  1703),  iii_, 
1783;  P.  S.  Allen,  Erasmi  Epistolae  (Oxford,  1906),  i,  163.  This 
amazing  judgment  suggests  that  Erasmus  was  more  concerned  with 
Mantuan's  religious  tone  than  with  his  workmanship.  So,  in  another 
letter  (iii^  808),  he  contrasts  the  Carmelite  poet  with  the  **  pagan  " 
Marullus  ;  and  in  a  third  he  writes  :  "  malim  hemistichium  Mantuani 
quam  tres  Marullicas  myriadas."  This  last  letter  is  addressed  to 
Jakob  Wimpfeling  ("  Basileae  postridie  Purificationis.  Anno  xvii'''). 
It  is  apparently  not  included  in  the  Leyden  edition  of  the  Opera 
omnia,  but  it  is  prefixed  to  Mantuan's  De  Sacris  Diebus  in  the  Strass- 
burg  edition  of  1520. 

•^  By  Baptista  Fiera,  in  1514.  They  are  now  in  the  Museo  Patrio 
at  Mantua.  They  were  set  on  an  arch  which  joined  Fiera's  house  to 
the  Convent  of  S.  Francesco  ( Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  56-57).  They 
are  mentioned  in   Scipio   Maffei's  account  of  the   Marquis  Francesco, 


32  INTRODUCTION 

bers  of  his  own  order,*  and  promptly  reprinted  in  many 
European  cities.  The  canons  of  an  Augustinian  monastery 
in  Westphalia  could  say,  shortly  before  1500: 

ut  vere  de  vobis  David  prophetasse  putetur  ubi  inquit,  in  omnem 
terram  exivit  sonus  eortun  et  in  fines  orbis  terrae  verba  eorum,  re 
vera  in  fines  orbis  terrae  egressa  sunt  verba  (super  mel  et  favum 
dulciora)  vatis  praestantissimi  sacri  ordinis  Carmelitarum  Baptistae 
Mantuani.^ 

Annali  di  Mantova,  xi^  6  (quoted  by  Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit., 
103)  :  "  e  presso  S.  Francesco  fu  scolpita  la  sua  immagine  tra  quelia 
di  Virgilio  e  di  Battista  Carmelitano  con  questo  verso : 

ARGVMENTVM    VTRIQVE    INGENS,    SI    SECLA    COIRENT/' 

And  an  English  traveller  could  report  in  1608:  "  Over  the  gate  of  the 
Franciscans  Church  is  to  be  seen  the  true  statue  of  that  famous  Poet 
and  Orator  Baptista  Mantuanus  a  Carmelite  Frier  borne  in  this  Citie, 
who  flourished  Anno  1496"  (Coryat's  Crudities,  Glasgow  ed.,  1905, 
\,  267).  Paulus  Jovius  has  what  looks  like  an  inaccurate  story  of  the 
same  monument ;  "  Federicus  autem  Princeps  marmoream  effigiem 
cum  laurea  posuit,  quae  in  arcu  lapideo  iuxta  Virgilii  Maronis  simul- 
acrum, pia  hercle  si  non  ridenda  comparatione,  conspicitur  "  {Elogia 
virorum  Uteris  illustrium,  Basel  ed.,  I577>  P-  118).  And  this  state- 
ment received  due  comment  from  Petrus  Lucius,  Carmelitana  Biblio- 
iheca,  Florence,  1593,  fol.  15  :  "  Ceteruih  quod  ad  eius  statuam  mar- 
moream attinet,  ea  Mantuae  (velit  nolit  lovius)  pie  conspicitur  in 
arcu  triumphali  e  regione  Franciscanorum  monasterii,  dextrum  Vir- 
gilio, sinistrum  Mantuano,  clarissimi  Mantuanorum  Marchionis  latus 
claudente,  cum  tali  elogio :  ar gumentum  titrique  ingens  si  saecla 
cotrent.'^  [The  three  busts  are  not  of  marble,  but  of  terra-cotta.] 
Cf.,  further,  Lilio  Giraldi's  remark  :  "  quas  ei  statuas  Mantuani  erex- 
erunt  "  {De  poetis  nostrorum  temporum,  ed.  K.  Wotke,  Berlin,  1894, 
p.   25). 

*  A  letter  from  Badius  Ascensius  to  the  Carmelite  Laurentius  Bur- 
ellus  (Lyons,  July  26,  1492)  states  that  the  latter  has  brought  to 
Lyons  many  excellent  Italian  books — among  them,  various  works  of 
Baptista  Mantuanus  {Philippi  Beroaldi  Orationes  et  Poemata,  Lyons, 
1492,  fol.  2).  See,  also,  L.  Thuasne,  Roberti  Gaguini  Epistole  et 
Orationes,  Paris,   1903,  11,  40. 

•''  Letter  to  the  Carmelite  Prior  at  Bologna,  printed  in  the  edition 
of  1502.  The  date  is  mutilated  by  the  printer:  "anno  Domini  mil- 
lesimo  quadringentesimo  pridie  Nonas  Februarias  "  ;  but  the  writers 
mention  a  Deventer  reprint  of  the  De  Patientia  (first  printed  at 
Brescia,  1497).  Cf.  Mantuan's  Epistola  contra  Calumniatores :  "  le- 
guntur  ubique  libelli  mei,  et  videntur  esse  totius  orbis  iudicio  appro- 
bati ;  non  omnes  tamen,  sed  qui  iam  pridem  sunt  editi  ac  Bononiae 
per  Benedictum  Hectoris  impressi ;  fere  enim  in  totum  Christian- 
ismum  pervenerunt,  quacumque  L:.tina  lingua  est  diflfusa  .  .  .  veniunt 


MANTUAN'S  POPULARITY  33 

And  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  is  pleasantly 
indicated  in  one  of  the  Epistolae  Ohscurorum  Viroriim,  ii, 
12  (Guilhelmus  Lamp  to  Ortuinus  Gratius,  c.  1517) — an 
accomit  of  a  journey  from  Cologne  to  Rome.  The  traveller 
stops  at  Mantua: 

et    dixit    socius    meus,    hic    natus    fuit    Virgilius.      respondi,    quid      ^'*Tr^^ 
euro  ilium  paganum?     nos  volumus  ire  ad  Carmelitas  et  videre  Bap-  • 
tistam    Mantuanum   qui  in   duplo   est   melior   quam   Virgilius  .  .  .  et 
quando  venimus   ad   Claustrum   Carmelitarum,    dicebatur  nobis   quod 
Baptista  Mantuanus  est  mortuus ;  tunc  dixi,  requiescat  in  pace.^ 

But  there  were  other  critics  who  were  less  partial,  or  less 
sympathetic.  The  inferiority  of  the  later  Mantuan  is 
stoutly  asserted  in  the  third  Idyl  of  Helius  Eobanus  Hessus 
(first  printed  in  1509,  but  here  quoted  from  the  third  re- 
vised edition,  Frankfort,  1564)  : 

Cyg.     ergo  age,  in  hoc  gelido  postquam  consedinius  antro, 
unde  pecus  patet  atque  oculis  vicinia  nostris, 
estne  aliquis  gelida  Faustus  tibi  lectus  in  umbra?  , 

Phil,     vidimus  audaci  fluidum  pede  currere  Faustum, 
cui  nihil  invideat  noster  nolitque  secundum 
Tityrus,  et  patria  natum  patiatur  eadem. 

Cyg.     atqui  pastores  quosdam  contentio  nuper 
ilia  diu  tenuit,  paribusne  in  carmina  surgant 
viribus  alteriusne  an  deferat  alter  honori. 

Phil,     ut  lentas  corylos  damnosa  securibus  ilex, 
quantum  humiles  superat  cornus  ramosa  genistas, 
tarn  meus  in  versu  praecedit  Tityrus  ilium 
qui  Faustum  gelida  cecinit  resupinus  in  umbra. 
ah,  male  quorundam  trivialis  iudicat  error. 

Ludovicus  Vives  called  him  "  magis  copiosus  et  facilis  quam 
tersus  et  sublimitati  argumentorum  respondens."  '^     In  1515 

ad  me  crebro  epistolae  ex  Galliis,  ex  Britanniis,  a  Germania,  ex 
Dacia,  ab  oceano  usque  Cimbrico,  quibus  intelligo  opuscula  mea  illic 
esse  in  pretio,  ab  omnibus  legi,  ab  omnibus  laudari "  (Lyons  ed., 
15 16,  fol.  Aa,  viii). 

6  Mantuan  was  promptly  accepted  as  an  authority  on  poetical 
usage  by  "  Joannes  Despauterius,  Ravisius  Textor,  Hermannus  Tor- 
rentinus,"  and  others  (Florido  Ambrogio,  op.  cit.,  124).  He  is  often 
quoted  in  a  Gradus  ad  Parnassiim  printed  at  London,  1773.  And  the 
Christian  Remembrancer  for  1847  (xiv,  323)  says:  "and  even  now, 
in  such  dictionaries  as  Ainsworth  and  Young,  Mantuan  stands  as 
an  authority." 

"  Dc  iradendis  disciplinis,  ill  (quoted  by  Florido  Ambrogio,  op. 
cit.,  127). 


34  INTRODUCTION 

Nicole  Berault — Nicolas  Beraldus — urged  upon  his  students 
the  importance  of  the  ancient  authors,  as  opposed  to  certain 
"  neoterici  " : 

Video  Vergilium  quoque  .  .  .  jam  vexari  paeneque  excuti  e  mani- 
bus,   proque   eo  cucuUatum   quendam   summitti  bonum   quidem   ilium 

rarumque    et    admirandum ;    nihil    tamen ad    Homerum    Man- 

tuanum.* 

Lilio  Giraldi  was  moved  to  say : 

Laudo  institutum  piumque  propositum,  verum  extemporalis  magis 
quam  poeta  maturusi  extant  illius  versus  paene  innumerabiles  ex 
quibus  apud  vulgus  et  barbaros  quosdam  laudem  tantam  est  adeptus, 
ut  unus  prope  poeta  et  alter  paene  Maro  haberetur.  at  bone  Deus, 
quam  dispar  ingenium !  nam  ut  ubique  Maro  perfectus,  ita  hie 
immodica  et  paene  temeraria  ubique  usus  est  licentia,  quarn  et  magis 
atque  magis  in  dies  auxit.  .  .  .  iuvenis  ille  quidem  laudabilior  poeta 
fuit ;  cum  vero  ei  desedit  calor  ille  et  fervor  iuvenilis,  tamquam  amnis 
sine  obice  extra  ripas  sordide  diffluens  coerceri  non  potuit.  vix 
enim  ea  legere  possumus,  quae  longius  ille  aetate  provectus  carmina 
scripsit.^ 

The  great  champion  of  Virgil,  Julius  Caesar  Scaliger,  was 
stirred  to  very  vigorous  language : 

mollis,  languidus,  fluxus,  incompositus,  sine  numeris,  plebeius  ;  non 
sine  ingenio,  sed  sine  arte.  dum  niodo  scribat  quod  in  mentem 
venerit,  edat  quod  scripserit,  susque  deque  habet. 

And  as  for  the  Eclogues  in  particular,  he  could  express  him- 
self only  by  a  parody  of  what  Horace  had  said  of  Virgil : 

putri  atque  caduco 
Carmelum  imbiierunt  sordentes  rure  cicadae.^o 

After  this  outburst  we  hear  much  less  about  the  "  pagan  " 
and  the  "  Christian  "  Virgil.  One  man  did  revive  the  com- 
parison, but  he  was  a  Carmelite  historian. 


11 


8  L.  Delaruelle,  Le  Musee  Beige,  xni   (1909)-  290. 

^  De  poetis  nostrorum  temporum,  ed.  K.  Wotke,  Berlin,  1894.  P-  24. 

1"  Poetice,  vi,  4. 

ii"Veteri  Maroni  in  paucis  minor,  in  multis  par,  in  plurimis  ali- 
quot parasangis  superior,"  Petrus  Lucius,  CarmrlHana  Bibhoiheca, 
Florence,   1593,  fol.   13. 


+ 


PUBLICATION  OF  THE  ECLOGUES  35 


COMPOSITION   AND    PUBLICATION    OF   THE    ECLOGUES 


The  Eclogues ^2iT&  ten  in  number,  making  a  total  of  2063 
lines.  The  author  tells  us,  in  his  dedicatory  epistle,  that  the 
first  eight  were  written  while  he  was  a  student  at  Padua,^^ 
and  that  the  last  two  were  added  after  he  had  joined  the 
Carmelite  Order.  He  tells  us,  also,  that  he  revised  these 
youthful  compositions  when  he  was  about  fifty  years  old ; 
and  we  may  be  sure  that  this  revision  added  much  to  the 
value  of  the  poems.  But  even  after  their  revision  he 
seems  to  have  regarded  them  as  a  rather  frivolous  and  un- 
important piece  of  work;  and  he  probably  never  dreamed 
that  his  ten  Eclogues  were  to  contribute  more  to  his  fame 
and  to  his  influence  than  all  the  rest  of  his  55,000  verses. 

They  were  first  printed,  at  least  in  their  revised  form,  in 
1498.^^  They  were  very  popular  from  the  beginning,  and 
soon  came  to  be  widely  read — not  only  in  Italy,  but  in 
France  and   Germany  and   England.^*     They  were   imme- 

12  "  Quendam  libellum  meum  quern  olim  ante  religionem,  dum  in 
gymnasio  Paduano  philosophari  inciperem,  ludens  excuderam  et  ab 
ilia  aetate  Adulescentiam  vi^caveram." 

12  "  Mantuae  Impraessum  per  Vincentiu  Berthocu  Regiensem  Anno 
dni.  MCCCCLXXXXVin.  sexto  decimo  Kalendas  Octobres,"  etc.  So  the 
colophon  of  a  copy  in  the  Biblioteci  Casanatense  at  Rome.  [The 
colophon  of  my  own  copy  gives  the  same  place,  printer,  and  year, 
but  omits  the  day  of  the  month.]  The  dedicatory  epistle  is  addressed 
to  a  friend  at  Mantua,  and  dated  Sept.  i.  Both  Brilnet's  Manuel  and 
Graesse's  Tresor  mention  an  edition  printed  at  Poitiers  in  1498  ;  and 
both  Graesse  and  Hain  cite  even  an  edition  with  a  few  notes  by 
Joh.  Murmellius  printed  at  Strassburg  in  the  same  year.  Graesse 
calls  the  Mantua  edition  a  reprint  of  the  Poitiers  edition  ;  but  there 
was  hardly  time  between  Sept.  i  and  Sept.  16  for  an  intermediary 
edition  to  be  printed  abroad.  Perhaps  the  date  of  the  Poitiers  edition 
was  only  inferred  from  the  date  of  the  dedicatory  epistle ;  a  copy 
described  in  Pellechet's  Catalogue  general,  I,  437,  is  "  s.  d.  (1498?)." 
[The  "  adnotamenta "  of  Murmellius  were  included  in  a  letter  ad- 
dressed to  Paulus  Ruremundensis  (printed  in  full  in  a  Deventer  edi- 
tion of  the  Eclogues,  15 10).  This  letter  is  mainly  a  criticism  of  the 
commentary  of  Ascensius ;  and  was  certainly  written  later  than 
1498.] 

i^They  were  printed  at  Erfurt  in  1501,  at  Bologna,  at  Brescia, 
and  at  Paris  in  1502,  at  Venice  and  at  Strassburg  in  1503,  at  De- 
venter  in  1504,  in  1505,  and  in  1510,  at  Tiibingen  in  151 1,  at  London 
in  1519,  etc.,  etc.  In  1504  they  were  printed  at  Florence,  in  a  hand- 
some Giuntine  volume  :  "  Eclogae  Vergilii.  Calphurnii.  Nemesiani. 
Francisci   Pe.      loannis   Boc.      loan.   bap.    Ma.      Pomponii   Gaurici." 


36  INTRODUCTION 

diately  provided  with  a  commentary,  by  lodocus  Badius 
Ascensius,^^  and  for  nearly  two  hundred  years  they  were 
commonly  used,  both  on  the  Continent  and  in  England,  as 
a  text-book  in  schools. 

THEIR  USE   AS   A   SCHOOL-BOOK 

Their  use  as  a  school-book  is  attested  by  countless  edi- 
tions of  Ascensius'  commentary,  ^^  but  it  is  also  definitely 
stated  at  times,  or  clearly  implied.  There  is  a  letter  of 
Thomas  Wolf,  Jr.,  to  Jakob  Wimpfeling,  written  at  Strass- 
burg,  Feb.  24,  1503,  which  speaks  of  a  school  edition  of  a 
thousand  copies :  ^"^ 

G.  Brunet  states  that  from  1500  to  1536  they  were  printed  22  times 
{Dictionnaire  de  Bibliologie  Catholique,  Paris,  i860,  col.  loii).  "On 
compte  de  plus  4  editions  des  Opera  Omnia  de  cet  auteur  et  88 
editions  de  divers  de  ses  ouvrages." 

1^  Both  Graesse  and  Hain  say  that  this  commentary  was  printed 
at  Strassburg  in  1500.  It  was  printed  at  Paris  in  1502  (with  a  dedi- 
catory epistle  dated  March  27),  at  Strassburg  in  1503,  at  Deventer 
in  1504,  at  Tiibingen  in  I5ii,.etc.,  etc.  It  was  printed  in  London  at 
least  as  late  as  1676,  and  at  Coloene  at  least  as  late  as  1688.  Mur- 
mellius  criticized  it,  and  with  good  reason,  as  giving  the  schoolboy 
much  unnecessary  help  while  leaving  some  real  difficulties  unex- 
plained ;  "  deinde  autem  cum  tardiusculis  ingeniis  totum  se  accomo- 
dat:  &  quasi  tenellis  infantulorum  rostris  premansum  cibum  inserit 
magis  obesse  studiis  quam  j^rodesse  iudicatur "  (Letter  to  Paulus 
Ruremundensis,   cited   above). 

^^  Another  copious  commentary  (now  very  rare)  was  published  by 
Andreas  Vaurentinus  (of  Lavaur,  near  Toulouse)  in  1 5 19.  There 
is  a  copy  of  a  revised  edition,  Lyons,  1529,  in  the  Library  of  the 
University  of  Ferrara :  "  Habes  hie  candide  lector  uberrima  com- 
mentaria  Andree  vauretini  in  buccolica  fratris  Baptiste  Mantuani 
carmelite  Theologi  et  poete  celeberrimi  correcta  ac  emendata.  Ad- 
dita  sunt  preterea  glossemata  in  prima  Buccolica  que  culpa  im- 
pressorum  lemovicorum  {sic),  et  que  summopere  utilia  erant.  Nec- 
non  et  loannis  coronei  Carnutensis  Annotamenta  perquam  utilia  no- 
vissime  (ut  ab  eiusdem  Coronei  scholaribus  asseritur)  superaddita: 
cum  annotationibus  Remundi  langano  de  'alta  Ripa  in  margine 
positis :  et  nunq  antea  impressis,"  etc.,  etc.  In  the  Biblioteca  Na- 
zionale  at  Naples  there  is  a  later  edition  of  the  same  commentary, 
published  at  Lyons  (by  a  different  printer)  in  1536:  "  Bucolica  Bap- 
tistae  Mantuani,  diversis  diversorum  coirientariis  utilissime  declar- 
ata,"  etc. 

^'''  Wolf's  letter  and  Wimpfeling's  reply  are  quoted  in  the  Tiibingen 
edition  of  the  Eclogues,  15 1?.  Wimpfeling  preferred  the  Eclogues 
of  Mantuan  to  those  of  Virgil,  "  propter  Latinitatis  copiam,  propter 


USE  AS  A  SCHOOL-BOOK  3^ 

Aeglogas  Baptistae  Mantuani  (sicut  audio)  tradidisti  loanni 
Preusz  chalcographo  communi  nostro  amico,  ut  in  mille  exemplaria 
transcriptae  latissime  diuulgentur.  debet  profecto  tibi  plurimum 
Germana  iuuentus,  quae  diligentia  tua  multis  doctorum  uirorum 
monumentis  facta  est  opulentior.  semper  enim  ex  officina  tua  litera- 
toria  aliquid  depromis  quod  iuuet,  quod  delectet,  quod  linguas  iuue- 
num  reddat  politiores. 

And  Wimpfeling's  reply,  dated  March  1,  1503,  emphasizes 
the  fitness  of  Mantuan  for  school  use : 

Baptistam  Mantuanum  extollo,  turn  in  poematibus  suis  tersis  et 
puris,  quae  absque  ueneno  a  mature  praeceptore  iuuentuti  tradi  pos- 
sunt,  tum  quod  amor  poeticae  in  eo  non  extinguit  studium  sacrae 
paginae  et  philosophiae,  nam  ex  eius  libello  de  patientia  magnum  eum 
et  philosoplium  et  theologum  esse  liquido  constat. 

About  1508  a  schoolboy  at  Schlettstadt  wrote  to  his 
father:  "  Wisse,  dass  unser  Magister  des  Morgens  friih  den 
Alexander  mit  uns  treibt;  um  9  Uhr  lesen  wir  einige 
Gedichte  aus  Horaz,  Ovid,  u.  s.  w. ;  nach  10  Uhr  lesen 
wir  im  Mantuanus."  ^*  In  1533  the  Eclogues  were  used 
as  a  school-book  at  Wittenberg;  in  1535  Mantuan  was  pre- 
scribed by  school  orders  at  Braunschweig;  and  about  the 
same  time  he  was  read  in  the  schools  at  Nordlingen,  Mem- 
mingen,  and  Emmerich. ^^ 

In  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  he  was  prescribed  by 
statute,  in  1518.^^  For  Colet  would  have  his  "  scolers " 
taught  in  "  goode  auctors  suych  as  haue  the  veray  Romayne 
eliquence  joyned  withe  wisdome,  specially  Cristyn  auctours 
that  wrote  theyre  wysdome  with  clene  and  chast  laten  other 
in  verse  or  in  prose."  And  among  such  authors  he  names 
"  lactancius  prudentius  and  proba  and  sedulius  and  Juuen- 
cus  and  Baptista  Mantuanus."  This  passage  may  suggest 
some     of     Mantuan's    religious    poems     rather     than     the 

still  planam  dulcedinem,  propter  utiliora  argumenta,  propter  pudi- 
citiam  et  honestatem,"  Diatr.  de  proba  pnerorum  itistit.,  VI  (quoted  by 
G.  Knod,  Aus  der  Bibliothek  des  Beatus  Rhenanus,  Schlettstadt, 
1889,  p.   10). 

^8  G.  Knod,  op.  cit.,   17. 

^^  Monumenta  G ermaniae  Paedagogica,  i,  48,  544 ;  vii,  426. 

20  J.  H.  Lupton,  Life  of  Dean  Colet,  London,  1887,  p.  279. 


38  INTRODUCTION 

Eclogues,^^  though  some  of  the  latter  may  very  well  have 
been  included.  And  there  may  be  a  like  uncertainty  in  the 
statute  which  prescribed  "  B.  Mantuanus,  Palingenius, 
Buchanani  Scripta,  Sedulius,  Prudentius "  for  the  Free 
Grammar  School  of  St.  Bees  in  Cumberland,  in  1583.^^ 
But  the  Eclogues  are  specifically  fixed  by  school  orders  at 

21  About  1493  Seb.  Murrho  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  first  Par- 
thenice:  "cum  maxime  trivialium  ludorum  magistris  consulere  sta- 
tuerim  iuvenilique  aetati."  Before  1498  Alexander  Hegius  wrote  a 
commentary  on  some  of  the  poems  for  his  school  at  Deventer  (L. 
Geiger,  Renaissance  und  Humanismus,  Berlin,  1882,  p.  392).  About 
1502  Filippo  Beroaldo  says  of  Mantuan:  "nee  solum  habetur  in 
manibus  et  ediscitur,  verum  etiam  in  scholis  enarratur,  et  inde  salu- 
berrima  tirunculis  dictata  grammatistae  praescribunt "  (Letter  pre- 
fixed to  the  Bologna  edition  of  the  collected  poems,  1502).  In  one 
of  the  Epistolae  (xLi)  of  Ravisius  Textor,  one  of  Mantuan's  epic 
poems  is  mentioned  as  a  school-book :  "  testatus  Lucanum,  Silium, 
et  Statium,  ut  duriusculos  ;  Mantuani  Carmen,  ut  paulo  flaccidius,  a 
plerisque  non  usquequaque  probari  "  (London  ed.,  1683,  p.  33).  Cf. 
also  the  Elegiae  Morales  of  Johannes  Murmellius  (printed  in  1507), 
I.  i,  53-60: 

nobilis   aethereo  plenus   Baptista  furore 

heroicam  inflavit  me  moderante  tubam  ; 
virgineis    libros    infersit   laudibus    almos, 

lucida  belligeros  vexit  in  astra  duces. 
lUe  graves  huius  deflevit  temporis  aestus, 

ille  Cupidineos  vitat  ubique  iocos. 
ergo   frequentatis  divina  poemata  ludis 

dictantur   summi   non   sine  laude   viri, 

and  in,  i,  47-52  : 

gloria  Carmeli  veteres  Baptista  poetas 
gymnasiis   pellens   pulpita  celsa  tenet. 

dum  pia  virginibus  solventur  vota  sacratis, 
dum  populi  flentes  tristia  fata  gement, 

crescet  honor  vatis  maiorque  videbitur   annis, 
rectius   arbitrium  posteritatis   erit 

(Miinster  ed.,  by  A.  Bomer,  1893,  pp.  9,  75)-  In  a  letter  of  May  I, 
1 5 18,  Jakob  Wimpfeling  suggests  a  school  edition  of  the  De  Sacris 
Diebus.  And  about  a  hundred  years  later  Mantuan  is  mentioned  as 
being  a  favorite  school  author  in  Spain  :  "  onde  I'opere  sue  poetiche 
leggonsi  in  Ispagna  a'  gioueni  publicamente  nelle  scuole  d'  humanita 
(per  quanto  ho  udito  dire)  come  in  Italia  si  fanno  quelle  di  Virgilio," 
Donesmondi,  Dell'  Istoria  Ecdesiastica  di  Mantova,  n  (1616),  T2I 
(cited  by    Luzio-Renier,   op.   cit.,   68). 

22  T.  Spencer  Baynes,  Shakespeare  Studies,  London,  1894,  p.   174. 


USE  AS  A  SCHOOL-BOOK  39 

the  King's  School,  Durham,  in  1593  ;  -^  they  were  in  use  in 
the  Free  School  of  St.  Helens,  c.  1635;-*  and  they  were 
recommended  for  the  third  form  in  Charles  Hoole's  New 
Discovery  of  the  Old  Art  of  Teaching  School^  1660: 

For  Afternoon  lessons  on  Mondayes  and  Wednesdayes  let  them 
make  use  of  Mantuanus,  which  is  a  Poet,  both  for  style  and  matter, 
very  familiar  and  gratefull  to  children,  and  therefore  read  in  most 
Schooles.  They  may  read  over  some  of  the  Eclogues  that  are  less 
offensive  than  the  rest,  takeing  six  lines  at  a  lesson,  which  they 
should  first  commit  to  memory,  as  they  are  able,  etc.^^ 

And  as  Hoole  records,  they  were  used  in  the  Rotherham 
Grammar  School  (in  the  fourth  form)  before  he  became 
head  master : 

For  afternoon  lessons  they  read  Terence  two  dayes,  and  Mantuan 
two  dayes,  which  they  translate  into  English,  and  repeated  on  Fri- 
dayes,    as   before. ^^ 

Julius  Caesar  Scaliger  complained  that  some  teachers  actu- 
ally preferred  them  to  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil :  "  hoc  prop- 
terea  dico,  quia  in  nostro  tyrocinio  literarum  triviales  quidam 
paedagogi  etiam  Virgilianis  pastoribus  huius  hircos  praetu- 
lere."  -^  There  is  a  similar  complaint  in  the  preface  of 
Thomas  Farnaby's  edition  of  Martial,  London,  1615: 
"  quando  ipsis  paedagogulis  Fcvuste  prccor  gelida  sonet  altius 
quam  Anna  virumque  canoT  And  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson 
states  that  "  Mantuan  was  read,  at  least  in  some  of  the 
inferior  schools  of  this  kingdom,  to  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century."  -^ 

-^  Foster  Watson,  The  Beginnings  of  the  Teaching  of  Modern  Sub- 
jects in  England,   London,   iQog,  p.   187. 

2*  Id.,  The  English  Grammar  Schools  to  1660,  Cambridge,  1908, 
p.  486. 

25  This  was  an  exercise  in  "  metaphrase,"  T.  Spencer  Baynes,  op. 
cit.,  186.  Professor  Baynes  says  (p.  161)  that  Hoole's  New  Dis- 
covery "was  not  published  till  1659,  but,  as  the  title-page  states,  it 
was  written  twenty-three  years  earlier."  Professor  Watson  says, 
"published  in   16^0,  written  twenty  years  earlier." 

-^  T.  Spencer  Baynes,  op.  cit.,   172. 

^■^  Poetice,  vi,  4. 

2  8  Lives  of  the  Poets,  Ambrose  Philips. 


40  INTRODUCTION 

In  1579,  Thomas  Lodge  could  say,  in  his  Defence  of 
Poetry:  "  Miserable  were  our  state  yf  we  wanted  those 
worthy  volumes  of  Poetry:  could  the  learned  beare  the  losse 
of  Homer?  or  our  younglings  the  wrytings  of  Mantuan?" 
And  so  Drayton  tells  us  that,  when  he  expressed  a  boyish 
wish  to  become  a  poet,  his  tutor 

began 
And  first  read  to   me  honest   Mantui^.n, 
Then  Virgil's   Eclogues,-^ 

It  will  be  observed  that  Shakespeare's  quotation  from  Man- 
tuan is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  schoolmaster ;  and  it  may  be 
suggestive  for  our  estimate  of  Holof ernes'  learning  that  he 
quotes  the  first  line  of  the  first  Eclogue — as  it  were,  the 
opening  phrase  of  his  First  Latin  Reader.  At  any  rate,  the 
same  phrase  is  used  to  indicate  s^  very  little  learning  in  one 
of  Gabriel  Harvey's  gibes  at  poor  Greene :  "  he  searched 
euery  corner  of  his  Grammer-schoole  witte  (for  his  margine 
is  as  deepelie  learned  as  Faust  e  pre  cor  gelida) ."  ^*^  And  it 
is  used  in  the  same  way  in  one  of  the  pleasant  tales  of  Bona- 
venture  des  Periers :  "  II  y  avoit  un  prebstre  de  village  qui 
estoit  tout  fier  d'avoir  veu  un  petit  plus  que  son  Caton. 
Car  il  avoit  leu  De  Syntaoci  et  son  Fauste  precor  gelida^  ^^ 

QUOTATIONS    FROM    THE    ECLOGUES 

And  this  common  use  as  a  school-book  may  help  to  ex- 
plain some  other  references  in  English,  French,  and  Ger- 
man authors. 

Eel.  I,  118  is  quoted  in  Stephen  Gosson's  Schoole  of 
Abuse  (1579)  :  "  Now  if  any  man  aske  me  why  my  selfe 
haue  penned  Comedyes  in  time  paste,  and  inueigh  so  egerly 
against  them  here,  let  him  knowe  that  Scmel  i?isafiivi?jius 
omiies.^~ 

Eel.  I,  52,  "  nee  dcus,  ut  perhibent.  Amor  est,"  is  quoted 

^^  To   my   dearly   loved   Friend,   Henry  Reynolds,   Esq.,    of   Poets 
and  Poesy. 

^^  Foure  Letters  (1592),  ed.  Grosart,   I,   195. 

^'^  Nouvelles  Recreations  et  joyeux  Devis,  Nouvelle  XL. 

32  Arber's  reprint,   London,    1868,  p.  41. 


QUOTATIONS  AND  ALLUSIONS  41 

in  one  of  Gabriel  Harvey's  letters  to  Spenser  (1579).^^ 
And  the  whole  line  appears  as  a  motto  on  the  title-page 
of  Alcilia  :  ParthenophiVs  Loving  Folly   (1595)  : 

Nee  Deus    (ut  perhibent)    amor  est,  sed  amaror  et  error.^* 

In  Robert  Greene's  Tritameron  of  Love  (ed.  Grosart,  iii, 
100)  there  is  a  mention  of  '"''  Mantuans  principle  .  .  .  that 
weal  is  neuer  without  woe,  no  blisse  without  bale,  ech  sweete 
hath  his  sower,  euery  commodity  hath  his  discommodity  an- 
nexed."    This  alludes  to  Eel.  ii,  25-26, 

commoditas   omnis   sua  fert  incommoda  secum, 
et  sorti  appendix  est  illaetabilis  omni. 

In  the  Historie  of  Orlando  Furioso,  ii,  1  (671),  Greene 
quotes  Eel.  iv,  110, 

femineum   servile  genus,  crudele,  superbum ; 

and  in  the  '  Epistle  to  the  Gentlemen  Schollers  of  both  Uni- 
versities,' prefixed  to  his  Mourning  Garment  (ix,  124),  he 
quotes  the  "  semel  insanivimus  omnes  "  of  Eel.  i,  118.  In 
the  first  part  of  Mamillia  (ii,  107)  he  has  an  allusion  to  the 
famous  diatribe  against  women,  in  the  fourth  Eclogue:  "  I 
would  correct  Mantua^is  Egloge,  intituled  Alphus:  or  els  if 
the  Authour  were  aliue,  I  woulde  not  doubt  to  perswade  him 
in  recompence  of  his  errour,  to  frame  a  new  one."  And  in 
the  second  part  (ii,  226)  he  returns  to  the  same  subject: 
"  yea  the  railing  of  Mantuan  in  his  Eglogs,  the  exclaiming 
of  Euripides  in  his  Tragedies,  the  tants  of  Martially  and 
prime  quippes  of  Propertius,  are  more  of  course  then  cause, 
and  rather  inforced  by  rage  than  inferred  by  reason." 

The  "  semel  insanivimus  omnes"  of  Eel.  i,  118,  is  twice 
quoted  by  Thomas  Nashe — in  the  Prologue  to  Summer's 
Last  Will  and  Testament  (1600),  and  in  Have  with  you  to 
Saffron-Walden  (1596)  :  "  and  he  replied  with  that  wether- 
beaten  peice  out  of  the  Grammer,  Semel  insanivimus  omnes, 
once  in  our  dayes  there  is  none  of  vs  but  haue  plaid  the 

^3  Grosart's   edition,  i,  25. 

3*  Arber's  English  Garner,  iv   (1882),  253. 


42  INTRODUCTION 

ideots."     And  in  the  Anatomie  of  Ahsiirditie  (1589),  Nashe 
has  his  allusion  to  the  fourth  Eclogue: 

To  this  might  be  added  Mantuans  inuectiue  against  them,  but 
that  pittie  makes  me  refraine  from  renewing  his  worne  out  com- 
plaints, the  wounds  wherof  the  former  forepast  feminine  sexe  hath 
felt.  I,  but  here  the  Homer  of  Women  hath  forestalled  an  obiection, 
saying  that  Mantuans  house  holding  of  our  Ladie,  he  was  enforced 
by  melancholic  into  such  vehemencie  of  speech,  and  that  there  be 
amongst  them  as  amongst  men,  some  good,  some  badde,  etc.^'^ 

The  story  of  Amyntas,  Eel.  ii-iii,  is  introduced,  as  thor- 
oughly familiar  matter,  in  the  first  eclogue  of  Francis 
Sabie's  Pan's  Pipe  (1595),  11.  76-93. ^^  And  it  seems  to  be 
alluded  to  in  Thomas  Randolph's  Eclogue  occasioned  by 
Ttvo  Doctors  disputing  upon  Predestination: 

Love-sick   Amyntas,   get  a  philtre  here, 
To  make  thee  lovely  to  thy  truly  dear. 

The  motto  of  one  of  Bishop  Hall's  Satires  (1598),  vi,  1, 
"  Semel  insanivimus,"  comes  from  Eel.  i,  118;  and  in  the 
same  satire  we  have  the  lines, 

As  did  whilere  the  homely  Carmelite, 
Following  Virgil,  and  he  Theocrite. 

^''  Ed.  R.  B.  McKerrow,  London,  1904,  i,  12.  This-  seems  to  be 
an  inaccurate  reference  to  a  passage  in  Robert  Greene's  Mamillia 
(ed.  Grosart,  11^  107)  :  "  I  would  correct  Mantuans  Egloge,  intituled 
Alphus  .  .  .  for  surely  though  Euripides  in  his  tragedies  doth  greatly 
exclaim  against  that  sexe,  yet  it  was  in  his  choller,  and  he  infered 
a  generall  by  a  particular,  which  is  absurd.  He  had  an  euyll  wife, 
what  then?"  Mr.  McKerrow  explains  Nashe's  phrase  "Mantuans 
house  holding  of  our  Ladie  "  to  mean  "  his  wife  having  the  upper 
hand  of  him,  and  ruling  his  household,"  and  quotes  Ascham's  Schole- 
master  (ed.  Wright,  p.  205),  "if  the  house  hold  of  our  Lady."  And 
he  very  justly  insists  that  Greene  is  here  referring  to  the  wife  of 
Euripides,  "  and  riot  to  Mantuan's  wife  at  all."  There  is  a  bit  of 
gossip  in  one  of  the  novels  of  Bandello  (in,  52)  which  offers  a  little 
different  explanation  of  Mantuan's  bitterness :  "  Intendo  anche  che 
il  mio  compatriotta,  il  poeta  carmelita,  ha  fatta  un'  ecloga  in  vituperio 
delle  donne,  ove  generalmente  biasima  tutte  le  donne.  Ma  sapete  cio 
che  ne  dice  Mario  Equicola  segretario  di  madama  di  Mantova?  Egli 
afferma  che  il  nostro  poeta  era  innamorato  d'  una  bella  giovane,  e 
che  ella  non  lo  voile  amare ;  onde  adirato  compose  quella  maledica 
ecloga"   (quoted  by  Luzio-Renier,  op.  cit.,  66). 

'^^  Reprinted,  by  J.  W.  Bright,  in  Modern  Philology,  VII  (1910), 
446. 


QUOTATIONS  AND  ALLUSIONS  45 

The  motto  at  the  end  of  Three  Pastoral  Elegies^  by  Wil- 
liam Basse  (1602),  is  taken  from  Eel.  i,  9-10: 

quando   vacat,   quando   est  iucunda  relatu, 
historiam  prima  repetens  ab  origine  pandam. 

Eel.  V,  63-64: 

sidera  iungamus,  facito  mihi  luppiter  adsit ; 
et  tibi   Mercurius  noster  dabit  omnia  faxo, 

is  the  motto  on  the  title-page  of  Thomas  Middleton's 
Familie  of  Love  (1607).  And  Eel.  iii,  87,  "  regia  res  amor 
est,"  is  set  in  like  manner  on  the  title-page  of  Richard 
Brome's  The  Qiieenes  Exehange. 

The  phrase  "  semel  insanivimus  omnes,"  Eel.  i,  118, 
served  as  the  motto  of  Samuel  Nicholson's  Aeolastus  his 
After-witte  (1600)  ;  ^"  and  it  is  quoted  in  The  Return  from 
Parnassus  (printed  in  1606),  iv,  2. 

The  quotation  in  Wily  Beguiled  (printed  in  1602),^^ 
"  optatis  non  est  spes  ulla  potiri,"  comes  from  Eel.  i,  53. 

In  Drayton's  Old  (1604),  the  playful  mention  of  the 
lark. 

And  for  his  reverence,  though  he  wear  a  cowl, 
alludes  to  Eel.  vii,  4, 

bardocucullatus  caput,   ut  campestris   alauda; 
and  the  passage  in  the  same  poem, 

O  moral  Mantuan,  live  thy  verses  long, 
Honour  attend  thee,  and  thy  reverend  song ! 
Who  seeks  for  truth  (say'st  thou)  must  tread  the  path 
Of  the  sweet  private  life,  .... 
For  adulation,  but  if  search  be  made, 
His  daily  mansion,  his  most  usual  trade, 
Is  in  the  monarch's  court,  in  princes'  halls. 
Where  goodly  zeal  he  by  contempt  enthralls,  etc., 

^'^  J.  P.  Collier,  Biographical  Account  of  Early  English  Literature, 
ui,  58. 

3  8  Dodsley's  Old  English  Plays,  ed.   Hazlitt,  ix,  232. 


44  INTRODUCTION 

seems  to  refer  to  EcL  v,  166  ff.  In  his  Epistle  of  Mrs. 
Shore  to  Edward  IV.  there  is  an  allusion  to  the  fourth 
Eclogue: 

Nor  are  we  so  turn'd  Neapolitan, 

That  might  incite  some  foul  mouth'd  Mantuan 

To  all  the  world  to  lay  out  our  defects, 

And  have  just  cause  to  rail  upon  our  sex,  etc. 

In  Thomas  Heywood's  Challenge  for  Beautie,  i,  1,  there 
is  yet  another  allusion  to  the  fourth  Eclogue.  Here  the 
"  proud  Queen "  Isabel  says,  of  the  compliments  due  to 
women :  ' 

Such  as  would  give  us  our  full  character 
Must  search  for   Epithites  and  studie  phrase; 

» 

and  the  honest  Lord  Bonavida  replies : 

Examine  but  plaine  Mantuan,  and  hee'l  tell  you,  what  woman  is. 

The  phrase  "  melior  vigilantia  somno,"  Eel.  i,  5,  is  quoted 
in  William  Martyn's   Youth's  Instruction    (1612),^^ 

Eel.  Ill,  81,  is  quoted,  freely,  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
Wit  at  Several  Weapons^  i,  2  :  Ut  node  mecum  pernoctat 
egestas,  luce  quotidie  paupertas  habitat.  This  is  quoted  by 
"  Priscian,  a  poor  Scholar  " — much  as  Shakespeare's  quota- 
tion from  Mantuan  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  "  Holof ernes, 
a  schoolmaster."  ^^ 

In  Witfs  Recreations,  the  phrase  "  sorte  tua  contentus," 
Eel.  V,  46,  is  used  as  the  title  of  two  separate  epigrams. 
And  the  "  semel  insanivimus,"  or  "  semel  insanivimus 
omnes,"  of  Eel.  i,  118,  serves  as  the  title  of  two  others. 

In  Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  there  are  a  whole 
score  of  quotations.  The  phrase  "  semel  insanivimus 
omnes,"  Eel.  i,  118,  appears  three  times.  The  chapter  on 
Symptoms     of     Love- Melancholy     has     eight     quotations : 

^^  Report  of  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education  for  ig04,  I,  664. 

^^  "  Larivey  has  some  claim  to  the  title  of  European  master  of  ec- 
centric pedantry  on  the  comic  stage  " ;  Sidney  Lee,  The  French  Re- 
naissance in  England,  Oxford,  19 10,  p.  423.  Was  the  name  of  Lari- 
vey's  pedant  M.  Josse  a  delicate  compliment  to  lodocus  Badius 
Ascensius — Josse  Bade? 


QUOTATIONS  AND  ALLUSIONS  45 

Ed.  I,  38;  I,  100;  11,  104-6;  i,  14-18;  11,  107-8;  i,  114-15; 
I,  47 ;  I,  108.  The  chapter  on  Artificial  Allurements  of 
Love  quotes  three  passages:  Eel.  i,  104;  i,  73;  iv,  218. 
And  the  first  of  these  is  introduced  as  very  familiar  matter ; 
"  and  Gallons  sweet  smile  quite  overcame  Faustus  the 
Shepherd : 

me  aspiciens  motis  blande  subrisit  ocellis." 

The  section  on  Beauty  as  a  Cause  of  Love-Melancholy 
quotes,  and  translates,  Ed.  i,  48-51,  "  ludit  amor  sensus," 
etc. : 

Love  mocks  our  senses,  curbs  our  liberties, 

And  doth  bewitch  us  with  his  art  and  rings, 

I  think  some  devil  gets  into  our  entrails, 

And  kindles  coals,  and  heaves  our  souls  from  the  hinges. 

Other  scattered  quotations  in  the  earlier  part  of  Burton's 
work  are,  Ed.  i,  71 ;  i,  174;  i,  61 ;  v,  46. 

Indeed,  some  of  Mantuan's  phrases  are  repeated  so  often 
that  they  have  earned  a  place  in  our  dictionaries  of  Latin 
quotations.  So,  in  particular,  the  "  semel  insanivimus 
omnes,"  of  Ed.  i,  118,  which  has  acquired  a  special  interest 
from  a  passage  in  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson: 

When  I  once  talked  to  him  of  some  of  the  sayings  which  every 
body  repeats,  but  nobody  knows  where  to  find,  ...  he  told  me  that 
he  was  once  offered  ten  guineas  to  point  out  from  whence  Semel  in- 
sanivimus omnes  was  taken.  He  could  not  do  it ;  but  many  years 
afterwards  met  with  it  by  chance  in  '  Johannes  Baptista  Mantuanus.'*^ 

A  few  Other  references  may  be  added  here,  to  illustrate 
the  popularity  of  Mantuan's  Eelogues  in  England.*-  He 
is  mentioned  in  the  prologue  to  the  Egloges  of  Alexander 
Barclay  (c.  1514) — named  after  Theocritus  and  Virgil — 

As  the  moste  famous  Baptist  Mantuan, 

The  best  of  that  sort  since  Poetes  first  began. 

4^  London  ed.,  1890,  iii,  266. 

42  The  first  nine  were  translated  into  English  fourteeners  by 
George  Turbervile,  in  1567.  And  this  translation  was  reprinted  in 
1572,  1594,  and  1597.  "The  whole  ten  Eclogues  did  not  find  a  trans- 
lator till  1656  when  Thomas  Harvey  published  a  version  in  de- 
casyllabic couplets  "  (Walter  W.  Greg,  Pastoral  Poetry  and  Pastoral 
Drama,   London,   1906,  p.   78), 


46  INTRODUCTION 

His  name  appears  again  in  '  E.  K.'s'  famous  epistle  to  Ga- 
briel Harvey  (1579).  He  is  mentioned  in  William  Webbe's 
Discourse  of  English  Poetrie  (1586)  :  "  Onely  I  will  add 
two  of  later  times,  yet  not  farre  inferiour  to  the  most  of 
them  aforesayde,  Pallengcniiis  and  Bap.  MantuanusT 
And  again  (of  pastoral  poetry)  Webbe  says:  "After  Virgill 
in  like  sort  writ  Titus  Calphurnius  and  Baptista  Mantuany 
In  George  Puttenham's  Arte  of  English  Poesie  (1589),  i, 
18,  we  read:  "These  Eglogues  came  after  to  containe  and 
enforme  morall  discipline,  as  be  those  of  Mantuan  and 
other  modern  Poets."  In  Francis  Meres'  Sketch  of  English 
Literature  (1598)  Mantuan  is  named  among  the  "  Neo- 
terics "  ( Jovianus  Pontanus,  Politianus,  MaruUus  Tar- 
chionota,  etc.)  who  "have  obtained  renown  and  good  place 
among  the  ancient  Latin  poets."  And  in  the  same  sketch 
it  is  stated  that  "  Theocritus  in  Greek,  Virgil  and  Mantuan 
in  Latin,  Sannazar  in  Italian,  ...  are  the  best  for  Pastoral." 
In  Germany,  the  Eclogues  are  quoted  as  early  as  1508, 
in  Heinrich  Bebel's  Adagia  Germanica,  No.  246 :  "  Catti 
invalidi  longius  vivunt;  dicitur  in  eos  qui  minus  grati  diu 
vivunt,  dum  optati  saepe  cito  moriantur,  nam: 

si  qua  placeni  abeunt :  inimica  tenacius  haerent."  ^^ 

This  is  Eel.  i,  174.  And  in  the  Lamentationes  novae  Oh- 
scurorum  Reuchlinistarum  (1518),  No.  118,  there  is  an 
echo  of  the  dedicatory  epistle:  "Quid,  obsecro,  tanti  facis 
philosophi  in  physicis  aenigmata,  quae  Oedipodes  ipse  non 
solveret?^^ 

In  the  Pappa  Puerorum  of  Johannes  Murmellius  (1513) 
the  sentence,  "  Vadam  ad  levandum  ventrem  post  dumeta," 
is  probably  due  to  Eel.  iv,  87.  And  two  of  his  "  protrita 
proverbia  "  are,  "  semel  insanivimus  omnes  "  {Eel.  i,  118), 
and  "  amor  est  amaror  "   (cf.  Eel.  i,  52) 


44 


^3  Ed.  Suringar,  Leiden,  1879,  p.  69.  Other  quotations  may  be 
found  in  Wander's  Deutsches  Sprichworier-Lexicon,  Leipzig,  1867, 
e.  g.,  under  '  Erfahrung,'  Ed.  ix,  195,  "  facit  experientia  cautos  " ; 
under  '  Liebe,'  Ed.  i,  48-49,  "  ludit  Amor  sensus,"  etc. ;  under 
'  Bauch,'  Ed.  i,  61,  "qui  satur  est  pleno  laudat  ieiunia  ventre." 

*'*  Ed.  A.  Bomer,  Miinster,  1894,  pp.  16,  34.  In  his  Sroparius 
(1517),  Murmellius  discusses  the  "  patinam  Aesopi  "  and  the  "  cli- 
peum  Minervae  "  of  Ed.  \,  98   (ed.  Bomer,  p.  50). 


QUOTATIONS  AND  ALLUSIONS  47 

In  the  second  Eclogue  of  Euricius  Cordus  there  is  a  com- 
plnnentary  reference  to  Mantuan,  and  his  first  Eclogue: 

omnes   non   unum   facitis   quotcumque   poetam 
qualem  ego  in  Ausoniis  audivi  finibus  olim. 

One  of  the  singers  professes  to  have  seen  him  at  Mantua 
during  the  year  of  jubilee : 

hie  nivei  dominus  pecoris  prope  flumina  pastor 
ad  viridem  recubans  in   opaco  frigore  clivum 
sustulit  argutos  altum  super  aethera  cantus, 
quos  non  fagineae  superent  dulcedine  glandes, 
non  mixtus  butyro  favus,  et  non  molle  colostrum. 

Aeg.     iam  scio  qui  fuerit ;  quo,  die,  indutus  amietu? 

Mop.     quo  peeus,  hoc  etiam  fuit  illi  palla  colore. 

Aeg.     Candidus  est,  gelida  qui  Faustum  lusit  in  umbra, 
ut  retulit  veteres  Gallam  quibus  arserat  ignes. 

Mop.     nunc  age,  die,  isto  tibi  quid  de  vate  videtur? 

Aeg.     omnia  eonsequitur  magnas  per  ovilia  laudes.'*^ 

There  are  eleven  quotations  in  the  locoseria  of  Otho  Me- 
lander :  Eel.  vi,  203-207  ;  vi,  181-182  ;  vi,  198-202  ;  v,  136 ; 
II,  91-93;  I,  48-51;  i,  81-84;  i,  114-116;  ii,  66-67;  x,  193; 
II,  66-67   (again)  .*« 

Eel.  IV,  110  ff.,  is  quoted,  and  refuted,  in  one  of  the  epi- 
grams which  go  under  the  name  of  Creptindia  Poetica  (ed. 
1648,  p.  54)  : 

Cur  mala  femineo  de  sexu,   Rustice,  profers, 

et  bona  quae  eonfert  non  reticenda  taces? 
femineum  est  servile  genus,  crudele,  superhum? 

nobilis  et  clemens  Virgo  humilisque  data  est. 
lege,  modo,  ratione  caret,  rectum  ablcit,  inquis? 

at  placet  huie  rectum,  lex,  ratio  atque  modus. 
extremis  ea  gaudet,  ais,   mediocria  vital ? 

haec  extrema  fugit,  sed  mediocre  tenet. 
decepit  ludaea  virum  prolemquc  Rebecca'^ 

concipit  alma  virum  Virgo  paritque   Deum. 
Eva  genus  nostrum  jelicibus  expulit  arvis? 

in  meliora  facit  nos  ut  eamus  Ave. 
cur  bona  femineo  de  sexu,   Rustice,  eelas, 

et  mala  si  qua  facit  non   referenda  refers? 

*5  Leipsic  ed.,  1518. 

46  Frankfort  ed.,  1626,  pp.  2,  14,  36,  133,  137,  161,  177,  423- 


48  INTRODUCTION 

In  France,*^  Eel.  ix,  24-31,  is  quoted  and  discussed  by 
Ravisius  Textor,  Epistolae,  42,  43.*^  And  the  Eclogues 
and  other  poems  of  Mantuan  are  occasionally  quoted  in  the 
same  writer's  Officina  and  Epitome}^ 

There  are  four  quotations  in  the  learned  commentary 
which  Benedictus  Curtius  composed  on  the  Ai-rets  d' amour 
of  Martial  d'Auvergne :  ^^  Eel.  i,  114-116;  vi,  198-202; 
III,  83-87;  I,  118  ("  Et  Baptista  Mantuanus  nos  insanivisse 
omnes  semel  dicit :  et  ipsum  cucullatum  insanivisse  eius 
opera  ostendunt"). 

Fontenelle  was  offended  by  the  coarseness  of  Eel.  iv,  87 : 
"on  ne  s'imaginerait  jamais  quelle  precaution  prend  un 
autre  berger  avant  que  de  s'embarquer  dans  un  assez  long 
disco urs."  And  he  had  little  sympathy  with  those  who  had 
compared  Mantuan  with  Virgil :  "  quoique  assurement  il 
n'ait  rien  de  commun  avec  lui  que  d'etre  de  Mantoue."  ^^ 

In  Italy,  we  have  a  summary  of  the  first  three  Eelogues 
in  Mario  Equicola's  Lihro  di  Natura  d' Amove  (Venice  ed., 
1554,  pp.  68-69). 

IMITATIONS   OF  THE  ECLOGUES 

The  Eelogues  were  very  promptly  imitated  in  England, 
in  the  five  Egloges  of  Alexander  Barclay  (c.  1514).^- 
Barclay's  fourth  is  a  paraphrase  of  Mantuan's  fifth ;  his 
fifth  is  a  paraphrase  of  Mantuan's  sixth,  with  the  insertion 
of  a  long  passage  taken  from  Mantuan's  seventh  (9-56). 
And  even  in  his  other  eclogues  a  part  of  the  pastoral  setting 
is  borrowed  from  his  Carmelite  model.^^     The  beginning  of 

^"^  The  ten  Eclogues  were  translated  into  French  by  Michel  d'Am- 
hoise,  Paris,  1530,  and  by  Laurent  de  la  Graviere,  Lyons,  1558. 

*s  London  ed.,   1683,  pp.  35,  36. 

49  Venice  ed.,  1566-1567,  I,  23,  88;  11,  126;  in,  13,  15,  20,  22,  23, 
etc. 

^0  Paris  ed.,  1566,  pp.  137,  574,  725,  728. 

^'^  Disc  ours  sur  la  nature  de  I'&glogue. 

V  ^2  pj-Jnted  in  Publications  of  the  Spenser  Society,  No.  39    (1885). 

^^  For  details,  see  O.  Reassert,  Neuphilologische  Beitrdge,  Hann- 
over, 1886,  pp.  14-31  ;  W.  P.  Mustard,  Modern  Language  Notes 
(1909),  XXIV,  8-9.  One  item  which  is  taken  bodily  from  Mantuan 
(vil,  42-54)  is  a  "detailed  notice  of  a  mural  painting  in  Ely  Cathe- 
dral,  which  has   long  since   disappeared  " — a  painting  which   struck 


IMITATIONS  OF  THE  ECLOGUES  49 

the  first  is  due  to  the  beginning  of  Mantuan's  third  (1-37), 
and  the  punning  allusion  to  Bishop  Alcock  (p.  5)  is  adapted 
from  Mantuan's  allusion  to  Falcone  de'  Sinibaldi  (ix, 
213  ff.)-  The  beginning  of  the  second  repeats  a  passage 
from  Mantuan's  second  (1-16)  ;  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
reminds  one  of  Mantuan's  ninth  (117-119)  and  tenth 
(137-141,  182-186);  and  toward  the  close  of  the  fifth 
(p.  45)  there  is  a  passage  which  comes  from  Mantuan's 
second    (66-78). 

In  Barclay's  '  Prologe,'  too,  there  is  an  interesting  parallel 
to  a  passage  in  Mantuan's  dedicatory  epistle.  This  epistle, 
dated  1498,  begins  with  a  playful  riddle: 

Audi,  o  Pari,  aenigma  perplexum,  quod  Oedipodes  ipse  non  sol- 
ueret.  ego  quinquagenarius  et  iam  canescens  adolescentiam  meam 
reperi,  et  habeo  adolescentiam  simul  et  senectam. 

The  explanation  is,  that  in  the  previous  year  he  had  found  a 
certain  youthful  composition  of  his  own,  consisting  of  eight 
eclogues  and.  ''  ab  ilia  aetate,"  entitled  Adolescentia.  And 
now  he  sends  it  forth  again,  in  revised  and  augmented 
form.  But  history  repeats  itself,  and  it  was  not  long  before 
Barclay  could  report  a  similar  experience : 

But  here  a  wonder,  I  fortie  yere  saue  twajoie 
Proceeded  in  age,  founde  my  first  youth  agayne. 
To  finde  youth  in  age  is  a'probleme  diffuse, 
But  nowe  heare  the  truth,  and  then  no  longer  cause. 
x\s  I  late  turned  olde  bookes  to  and  fro, 
One  little  treatise  I  founde  among  the  mo  : 
Because  that  in  youth  I  did  compile  the  same, 
Egloges  of  youth  I  did  call  it  by  name. 

And  now  he  too  has  "  made  the  same  perfite  " — 

Adding  and  bating  where  I  perceyued  neede.^* 

one  of  Barclay's  editors  as  "  very  curious,"  Publications  of  the  Percy 
Society,  xxii^  43.  It  is  cited  also  in  the  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  (s.v.  Alexander  Barclay)  as  a  proof  that  Barclay's  Egloges 
were  written   at  Ely. 

"'^  It  is  interesting  to  notice  that  Professor  ten  Brink  found  in 
these  lines  the  explanation  of  a  peculiar  quality  of  Barclay's  Egloges, 
namely,  their  combination  of  the  freshness  of  youth  with  the  maturity 
of  manhood :  "  So  erklart  es  sich,  wenn  diese  Pichtyngen  in  hoherem 


50  INTRODUCTION 

In  1563  we  have  eight  English  eclogues  by  Barnabe 
Googe.  Here  again  the  model  is  Mantuan,  though  there 
is  very  little  verbal  imitation  or  borrowing  in  detail.  The 
lines  at  the  close  of  Eel.  viii, 

and  Phoebus  now  descends, 
And  in  the  Clowdes  his  beams  doth  hyde, 
which  tempest  sure  portends, 

come  from  the  close  of  Mantuan's  third, 

et  sol  se  in  nube  recondens, 
dum   cadit,   agricolis   vicinos   nuntiat   imbres. 

And  perhaps  the  ram  whose  battered  condition  symbolizes 
his  owner's  fortunes  {Eel.  iii)  should  be  compared  with 
Mantuan's  ram,  Eel.  ix,  46-47 : 

hie  aries,  qui  fronte  lupos  cornuque  petebat, 
nunc  ove  debilior  pavidoque  fugacior  agno  est. 


Spenser's  Shepheards  Calender  (1579)  owes  a  large  debt 
to  Mantuan,  especially  in  the  eclogues  for  July,  September, 
and  October.  This  was  pointed  out  by  F.  Kluge,  Anglia. 
/ill,  266-274,  and  O.  Reissert,  ib.  ix,  222-224;  and  it  is  now 
1  set  forth  in  C.  H.  Herford's  edition  of  the  poem.  Perhaps 
/  one  further  parallel  should  be  suggested ;  compare  '  Octo- 
'  ber,'   100-101, 

The  vaunted  verse  a  vacant  head  demaundes  •''•'' 
Ne  wont  with  crabbed  care  the  Muses  dwell, 

with  Eel.  V,   18-19, 

Grade  als  andere  Werke  Barclay's  jugendliche  Frische  mit  mann- 
licher  Reife  in  sich  vereinigen  "  {Geschichte  der  englischen  Litter- 
atur,  Strassburg,  1893,  11,  455).  And  Barclay's  borrowed  experience 
is  still  accepted  as  fact  in  the  new  Cambridge  History  of  English 
Literature,  ill  (1909),  62. 
'  ''5'  E.  K.'  says  that  line  100  "  imitateth  Mantuanes  saying,  '  va- 
cuum curis  divina  cerebrum  Poscit."  But  the  '  saying '  is  hard  to 
find;  it  is  not  in  the  Bologna  edition  of  the  collected  poems,  1502, 
or  in  Ascensius'  edition,  Paris,  15 13,  or  in  the  later  poems  published 
at  Lyons  in  1516, 


IMITATIONS  OF  THE  ECLOGUES  51 

laudabile  carmen 
omnem  operam  totumque  caput,  Silvane,  requirit, 


and  Ed.  v,  90-91, 


^ 


pannosos,  macie  affectos,  farragine  pastes 
Aoniae  fugiunt  Musae,  contemnit  Apollo. 


'Ed.  VII,  27  is  quoted  in  Abraham  Fraunce's  Latin  comedy 
Vidoria  (c.  1580),  156, 

nam  Paris  Iliaca  tria  numina  vidit  in  Ida; 

and  the  same  play  (450,  1913)  repeats  the  "  vult,  non  vult  " 
of  Ed.  IV,  123,  and  the  ''  ludit  Amor  sensus  "  of  Ed.  i,  48. 
Another  Cambridge  play,  Pedantiiis,  37,  borrows  the  phrase 
"  humeros  vibrare  natesque,"  from  Ed.  iv,  230 ;  and  a  third, 
entitled  Fiicus,  ii,  2,  32,  repeats  the  "  semel  insanivimus 
omnes"  oi  Ed.  i,  118.^^ 

In  Robert  Greene's  Orpharion  (ed.  Grosart,  xii,  22)  we 
have  an  unusual  version  of  the  story  of  Orpheus  and 
Eurydice : 

False  harted  wife  to  him  that  loued  thee  well, 
To  leaue  thy  loue  and  choose  the  Prince  of  hell, 

and,  again. 

She  slipt  aside,  backe  to  her  latest  loue. 

His  authority  for  this  bit  of  mythology  was  probably  Man- 
tuan,  Ed.  iv,  178-179: 

potuit,  si  non  male  sana  fuisset, 
Eurydice  revehi  per  quas  descenderat  umbras. 

In  1595  we  have  three  "  pastorall  eglogues  "  by  Francis 
Sabie,  entitled  Pan's  Pipe.     The  first  of  these  is  practically 

5^  See  the  recent  editions  of  these  three  plays  by  G.  C.  Moore 
Smith :  Pedantius  and  Victoria  in  Bang's  Materialien  zur  Kunde  des 
dlteren  Englischen  Dramas,  vni  (1905)  and  xiv  (1906),  Fucus,  at  the 
Cambridge  University  Press.     See,  also,  my  note  on  Ed,  i,  62. 


52  INTRODUCTION 

a  cento  made  up  from  the  first  four  eclogues  of  Mantuan.^^ 
And  in  the  third,  Damon's  "  dittie  "  of  the  "  stately  progeny 
of  heardsmen  "  is  a  paraphrase  of  Eel.  vii,  9-39.^* 
In  Milton's  Lycidas,  128-129,    , 

Besides  what  the  grim  wolf  with  privy  paw 
Daily  devours  apace,  and  nothing  said, 

there  seems  to  be  an  echo  of  Eel.  ix,  141-147, 

mille  lupi,  totidem  vulpes  in  vallibus  istis 
lustra  tenent,  ..... 

factum  vicinia  ridet 
^      nee  scelus  exhorret  nee  talibus  obviat  ausis ; 

and  the  abrupt  close  of  the  poem, 

To-morrow  to  fresh  woods  and  pastures  new, 
reminds  one  of  Mantuan's  closing  line,  ix,  232, 

Candide,  coge  pecus  melioraque  pascua  quaere. 

On  Paradise  Lost,  vi,  871,  "  Nine  days  they  fell,"  the  com- 
mentators might  perhaps  quote  Eel.  ii,  112-114, 

immo  Satanum 
pessimus  ex  illis  quos  noctibus   atque  diebus 
ter  tribus  in  terras  fama  est  ex  aethere  lapsos — 

as  well  as  the  description  of  the  fall  of  the  Titans  in  Hesiod. 

The  influence  of  Mantuan's  Eelogues  in  sixteenth-century 
Germany  would  be  an  interesting  subject,  but  that  must  be 
left  to  some  one  who  has  access  to  the  necessary  books. 
Some  traces  of  it  may  be  found  in  the  Latin  eclogues  of 
Eobanus  Hessus  and  Euricius  Cordus. 

Eobanus  could  claim  to  be  a  pioneer  in  the  German  field : 
"  primi  Latias  in  Teutona  pascua  Musas  |   ducimus,"  Idyl 

•^7  See  Modern  Philology,  VII  (iQio),  433-464,  where  Sable's  three 
Eglogues  are  reprinted,  with  some  notes  on  his  sources,  by  J.  W. 
Bright  and  W.  P.   Mustard. 

5  8  K.  Windscheid,  Die  englische  Hirtendichtung  von  i^yg-ibzs, 
Halle,  1895,  p.  41. 


IMITATIONS  OF  THE  ECLOGUES  53 

VIII,  2-3.^®  In  his  third  Idyl  (quoted  above,  p.  ?>?>)  his 
shepherds  discuss  the  respective  merits  of  Virgil  and  Man- 
tuan ;  and  in  his  Achiotationes  on  the  Bucolics  and  G e orgies 
of  Virgil  he  pays  some  attention  to  the  later  bucolic  writers 
— among  them  "  Petrarca,  Pontanus,  Baptista  (Man- 
tuanus)."  ^^     The  beginning  of  his  fifth  Idylj 

Montibus  his  mecum  quondam,  Philereme,  solebas 
pascere,  et  alternis  nostras  concentibus  aures 
mulcere,  etc., 

reminds  one  of  the  beginning  of  Mantuan's  fifth;  and  the 
close  of  his  tenth, 

tempestas  oritur,  pastu  discedere  tempus, 

is  like  the  close  of  Mantuan's  second  or  third.  Idyl  i,  72, 
"  iam  lectas  omnis  grex  ruminat  herbas,"  and  Id.  vi,  19, 

et  pecus  ilicea  dum  ruminat  omne  sub  umbra, 

may  be  compared  with  Mant.  i,  1-2;  Id.  vii,  135, 

quisquis  amat  iacet,  et  presso  fert  vincula  colic, 

with  Mant.  i,  114-116;  Id.  xi,  6^,  "  non  tibi  cum  puero  cer- 
tandiun  impubere,"  etc.,  with  Mant.  x,  124;  Id.  xi,  73-74, 

est  aliquid  magno  barbam  attrectare  prophetae ; 
dicere  sed  volui  (lapsa  est  mihi  lingua)  *  poetae,' 

with  Mant.  x,  126-127.  The  "  ventrosus  bufo  "  of  Id,  v, 
55,  the  "  multiforem  buxum  "  of  Id.  xi,  18,  the  "  impatienter 
amantis  "  of  Id.  vii,  146,  and  the  "  somndlenti "  of  Id.  xii, 
6,  may  be  compared  with  Mant.  x,  140;  i,  163;  vii,  65; 
III,  59. 

^^  Frankfort  ed.,  1564,  p.  44. 

^^  C.  Krause,  Helius  Eobanus  Hessus,  Gotha,  1879,  11,  26.  In  an 
unfortunate  footnote,  Krause  explains  that  the  Pontanus  referred 
to  is  "  Petrus  Pontanus  (aus  Briigge),"  and  that  "Baptista  Man- 
tuanus  "  means  "  Joh.  Baptista  Fiera." 


•  54  INTRODUCTION 

In  Euricius  Cordus  *^  the  imitation  is  still  closer.  The 
complimentary  reference  to  Mantuan  in  his  second  Eclogue 
has  been  quoted  above,  p.  47.  The  historic  dignity  of  the 
shepherd's  calling,  Eel.  in,  is  sSet  forth  as  in  Mantuan's 
seventh,  23  ff. ;  and  the  contrast  between  the  shepherd's  lot 
and  that  of  the  farmer,  in  the  middle  of  Eel.  iv,  reminds 
one  of  the  beginning  of  Mantuan's  sixth.  Compare, 
further.  Eel.  i,  Zd,  for  the  intransitive  "  secundat,"  with 
Mant.  V,  29 ;  Eel.  ii,  82,  "  luxati  .  .  .  cultri,"  with  Mant. 
V,  140;  Eel.  ii,  91,  "  nuda  rigent  genua,"  etc.,  with  Mant. 
V,  23;  Eel.  ii,  118, 

pollicitos  plures  vidi,  qui  multa  dedissent 
nullos, 

with  Mant.  v,  105-106;  Eel.  iii,  34, 

dum  satur  in  gelidis  grex  pabula  ruminat  umbris, 

with  Mant.  i,  1-2;  Eel.  in,  115, 

sum  puer,  at  memini  quo  magnum  tempore  munus 
esse  putabatur,  si  textam  flore  corollam 
quis  daret,  etc., 

with  Mant.  iii,  85-86 ;  Eel.  iii,  148, 

inter  tot  iuvenes  quot  festa  luce  sub  ulmum 
conveniunt,   ducuntque  leves  de  more  choreas, 

with  Mant.  ii,  63-65 ;  Eel.  iv,  ZZ, 

non  sapies,  r.isi  torva  pedum  tibi  cornua  frangat, 
with  Mant.  iv,  91 ;  Eel.  iv,  48, 

in  grandique  mihi  legisse  volumine  dixit, 

with  Mant.  vii,  155;  Eel.  iv,  64  (and  v,  26),  "  quando  va- 
cat,"  with  Mant.  i,  9 ;  Eel.  iv,  69,  "  desidiosa  sumus  pastores 

^'^  He,  too,  has  been  called  a  pioneer :  "  fu  lodato,  e  vero,  per  le 
ecloghe,  ma  codesti  componimenti,  ch'  egli  introduce  per  la  prima 
volta  in  Germania,  e  imita  da  G.  B.  Mantovano,  gia  per  lui  cadono 
in  vuota  pastorelleria,"  G.  Manacorda,  Delia  poesia  latina  in  Ger- 
mania durante  it  RenascimentOj  Rome,  1906,  p.  280. 


IMITATIONS  OF  THE  ECLOGUES  55 

turba,"    with   Mant.   vi,    19-20;   Eel.   vi,    68,    "qui   nostra 
piacula  solvunt,"  with  Mant.  viii,  162;  Ed.  vi,  142, 

interea  in  pluvia  pastor  sitit,  esurit  aura, 

with  Mant.  v,  12;  Ed.  vii,  32, 

versaque  dormit  humus,  missum  requiescit  aratrum, 

with  Mant.  vi,  2-3;  Ed.  vii,  71,  "grata  laborantum  re- 
quies,"  with  Mant.  viii,  150;  Ed.  viii,  64-65, 

succede  sub  ulmum, 
dum  redeo;  mihi  quid  post  saepta  parumper  agendum  est. 

with  Mant.  iv,  87-88;  Ed.  viii,  102,  "  inscius  et  nihil  hoc 
ratus,"  with  Mant.  iv,  54-55;  Ed.  viii,  109  (and  ix,  65), 
"  cariceam  casulam,"  with  Mant.   ix,   18;  Ed.  ix,  98, 

me  mea,  te  tua  spes  et  opinio  stulta  fefellit, 

with  Mant.  ix,  192  ;  Ed.  x,  6, 

I 
sed  melior  lento  praestat  vigilantia  somno, 

with  Mant.  i,  5  ;  Ed.  x,  22, 

utile  servitium  fuit  illius   atque  tidele, 
donee,  etc., 

with  Mant.  iv,  22 ;  Ed.  x,  28, 

et  nentes  inter  medius  sub  nocte  puellas, 

with  Mant.  v,  85;  Ed.  x,  123, 

o  quoties  patriae  moesti  reminiscimur  orae, 

with  Mant.  ix,  90.«2 

The  famous  diatribe  against  women,  Ed.  iv,  110  ff.,  has  a 
rather  close  parallel  in  one  of  the  Dialogues  of  Ravisius 

62  These   passages   of   Euricius    Cordus   are   quoted    from    the    "  se- 
cunda  aeditio,"  Leipsic,  1 518. 


56  INTRODUCTION 

Textor,  Troia,  Salomon,  Samsori.^^  And  it  is  very  clearly 
echoed  in  Luigi  Pasqualigo's  comedy,  //  Fedele,  iii,  7. 
Compare  with  lines  124  ff., 

mobilis,  inconstans,  vaga,  garrula,  vana,  bilinguis, 
imperiosa,  minax,  indignabunda,  cruenta,  etc., 

Fortunio's  speech: 

Non  e  dubbio,  perche  esse  sono  per  natura  superbe,  uane,  incon- 
stanti,  leggieri,  maligne,  crudeli,  rapaci,  empie,  inuidiose,  incredule, 
bugiarde,  ambitiose,  piene  di  fraude,  disleali,  ingrate,  impetuose,  au- 
daci,  &  senza  freno,  facilissime  a  dar  ricetto  a  1'  odio  &  all'  ira, 
a  placarsi  durissime,  portano  ouunque  uanno  ribellione  e  lite,  elle 
sono  uaghe  di  dir  male,  d'  accender  odio  tra  gli  amici,  di  seminar 
infamia  sopra  i  buoni,  sono  pronte  a  riprender  gli  errori  altrui,  & 
negligent!  a  conoscer  i  proprij  vitij,  sempre  simulano,  sempre  fingono, 
tramano  inganni,  &  cercano  di  condur  gli  huomini  alia  morte,  all' 
insidie  che  tendono,  hanno  cosi  pronti  i  gesti  e  il  uiso,  nel  quale  a 
suo  piacere  possono  dimostrar  allegrezza,  dolore,  tema,  &  speranza, 
&  molti  altri  affetti,  che  alcuno  non  puo  fuggire  da  loro,  &  quinci  & 
non  altronde  auengono  tutti  i  nostri  mali.^* 

But  there  must  be  many  such  echoes  in  the  literature 
of  Germany  and  France  and  Italy.  One  poem  which  will 
at  least  serve  to  illustrate  the  fourth  Eclogue  is  Tasso's 
A7?iinta.     The  chorus  at  the  close  of  the  first  act, 

Ma  sol  perche  quel  vano 
Nome    senza  soggetto, 
Quell'  idolo  d'  errori,  idol  d'  inganno ; 
Quel  che  dal  volgo  insano 
Onor  poscia  fu  detto 
(Che  di  nostra  natura  '1  feo  tiranno), 
Non  mischiava  il  suo  affanno 

®3  "  Apud  lacobum  Stoer,"  1609,  pp.  192-202.  A  part  of  the  dia- 
logue is  quoted  by  J.  Vodoz,  Le  Theatre  Latin  de  Ravisius  Textor, 
Winterthur,   1898,  pp.   149-151. 

*^  Venice  ed.,  1579.  Pasqualigo's  comedy  is  paraphrased  in  Lari- 
vey's  Le  Fidelle;  for  this  particular  passage,  see  Ancien  Theatre 
franfois,  vi,  397.  It  is  adapted  also  in  Abraham  Fraunce's  Latin 
comedy  Victoria;  but  Fraunce's  play  omits  all  this  diatribe.  So  does 
the  English  adaptation  by  Anthony  Munday  (recently  printed  by 
F.  Fliigge,  Archiv  fiir  das  Studium  der  neueren  Sprachen  und  Liter- 
aturen,  cxxiii,  48-80). 


MANTUAN'S  SOURCES  57 

Fra  le  liete  dolcezze 

Dell'  amoroso  gregge,  etc.,^-'^ 

may  be  compared  with  Eel.  ii,  161-166, 

qui  non  communicat  usum 
coniugis  invidus  est ;  livorem  excusat  honestas 
introducta  usu  longi  livoris  iniquo. 
nam  dum  quisque  sibi  retinet  sua  gaudia,  nee  vult 
publica,  communis  mos  ac  longaevus  honestas 
factus,  et  hunc  morem  fecit  dementia  legem  ; 

and  the  passage  in  ii,  2, 

Or,  non  sai  tu  com'  e  fatta  la  donna? 
Fugge,  e  fuggendo  vuol  eh'  altri  la  giunga; 
Niega,  e  negando  vuol  ch'  altri  si  toglia ; 
Pugna,  e  pugnando  vuol  ch'  altri  la  vinca, 

with  Ed.  IV,  216-218, 

currit,  ut  in  latebras  ludens  perducat  amantem, 
vult  dare,  sed  cupiens  simplex  et  honesta  videri 
denegat  et  pugnat,  sed  vult  super  omnia  vinci. 

And  with  Eel.  ii,  25, 

commoditas  omnis  sua  fert  incommoda  secum, 

we  may  compare  Guazzo's  Civil  Conversatione,  Bk.  i,^* 
"  anzi  si  ha  da  ricordare  di  quella  sentenza:  *  Ogni  agio 
porta  seco  11  suo  disagio.'  "  The  sentiment  was  doubtless 
a  commonplace,  but  Mantuan  may  have  helped  to  make 
it  so. 

mantuan's  sources 

Mantuan's  chief  model  in  pastoral  was  Virgil,  and  the 
influence  of  Virgil  may  be  traced  on  almost  every  page.  But 
there  are  many  echoes  of  other  Roman  poets  ^'^ — especially 

«5  This  chorus  is  literally  translated  in  Samuel  Daniel's  *  pastorall ' 
on  the  Golden  Age, 

^6  Venice  ed.,   1590,  p.   12. 

s^  Some  of  these  are  pointed  out  in  the  Notes.  For  Ovid,  see 
notes  on  Ed.  ii,  85;   iii,   171;   iv,    132,  201;  vii^   147;   for  Tibullus, 


58  INTRODUCTION 

Ovid  and  Juvenal — and  there  are  half  a  dozen  passages  in 
which  he  imitates  the  Latin  eclogues  of  Petrarch  ^*  and 
Boccaccio.  And  he  owes  something  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
Writers — especially  Prudentius  ®^ — and  to  the  language  of 
the  Latin  Bible."^*^ 

His  style  was  formed  on  classical  models,  and  he  doubt- 
less meant  his  Eclogues  to  be  classical  throughout.  But 
they  contain  a  fair  number  of  irregularities — in  syntax, 
in  vocabulary,  and  in  metre.  Some  of  these  are  due  to  his 
familiarity  with  Ecclesiastical  Latin,  while  others  can  be 
found  only  in  the  Latin  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Some  of  them 
are  merely  mistakes  of  a  youthful  author  which  remained 
uncorrected  even  when  the  poems  were  revised. 

notes  on  Ed.  in,  103-8;  vni,  98-101;  ix,  107;  for  Juvenal,  notes  on 
Ed.  V,  especially  lines  90-91,  104;  for  Calpurnius,  notes  on  Ed.  ii,  i ; 
VI,  157;  IX,  107;  IX,  133. 

68  See  notes  on  Ed.  i,  12-13;  "i.  i7-27>  32-33;  v,  46,  136. 

69  See  notes  on  Ed.  i\,  212;  viii,  162;  ix,  126-7.  In  an  apology 
for  poetry  prefixed  to  his  first  Parthenice,  Mantuan  cites  several  of 
the  Ecclesiastical  Writers:  Prudentius,  Paulinus  of  Nola,  Ambrosius, 
Beda,  and  Juvencus.  And  of  these  his  favorite  would  seem  to  be 
Paulinus :  "  quid  de  Paulino  Nolanae  urbis  episcopo  Hieronymo  con- 
temporaneo  et  familiari?  nonne  pulcherrima  quae  adhuc  extant, 
et  semper  extabunt,  excudit  poemata?  cum  adhuc  adolescentulus 
essem  et  a  studiis  ecclesiasticis  more  illius  aetatis  abhorrerem,  forte 
in  ea  poemata  incidi,  et  carminis  suavitate  delectatus  animum  ad  res 
divinas  paulatim  appuli,  et  ex  illo  tempore  sacrarum  litterarum  stu- 
diosior  fui." 

70  See  notes  on  Ed.  ii,  138;  m,  188;  v,  129;  viii,  85-86;  viii,  222. 
Another  possible  "  source  "  is  mentioned  by  Ascensius,  on  Ed.  v,  loi, 
where  he  guesses  that  "  Umber "  means  Niccolo  Perotti,  Bishop  of 
Siponto :  "  quem  nescio  an  Sipontinum  dicam,  a  quo  plurima  sump- 
sisse  videtur."  This  refers  to  Perotti's  great  commentary  on  some 
of  the  epigrams  of  Martial,  entitled  Cornucopiae:  seu  Commentarii 
Linguae  Latinae.  It  was  printed  as  early  as  1489.  It  was  freely 
used  by  Ascensius  in  his  commentary  on  the  Edogues,  and  it  was 
doubtless  well  known  to  Mantuan  himself.  Indeed,  his  brother 
Tolomeo  reports  of  him  :  "  damnabatque  episcopum  Sipontinum  quod, 
cum  esset  primi  ordinis  in  ecclesia,  tantopere  laboravit  in  enarratione 
Martialis  poetae  gentilis  epigrammatarii  "  {Apologia,  Lyons  ed.,  15 16, 
fol.  Gg,  iii). 


SYNTAX,  METRE,  VOCABULARY  59  • 

SYNTAX 

One  interesting  bit  of  syntax  is  the  use  of  the  simple 
subjunctive  after  a  verb  of  thinking :  credo  . .  .  concitet  et 
.  .  .  tollat,  I,  50-51 ;  puto  sidera  tangant,  viii,  44.  Another 
is  the  use  of  putare,  credere^  or  aestimare,  with  a  simple  in- 
finitive, apparently  on  the  analogy  of  verbs  of  "  hoping  " 
or  "expecting":  grande  aes  confiare  putaham,  iii,  75;  qui 
flectere  divos  \  creditis,  \\\,  141-2;  et  verfere  in  aurum  \ 
aestimat,  vi,  133-4.  Facer e  is  used  with  the  infinitive,  in 
the  sense  of  "to  cause  to":  v,  58;  ix,  221.  Intendere 
{-=  aninium  intendere)  is  used  with  the  dative,  i,  106 ;  ii,  49  ; 
suhintrare,  with  the  accusative,  i,  176;  iv,  90;  secundare, 
with  the  dative,  v,  29 ;  obmare,  with  the  dative,  ix,  147. 
The  use  of  mood  and  tense  with  dum  is  largely  a  matter  of 
metrical  convenience  :  cp.  i,  25,  dum  mens  erat ;  vii,  147-8, 
dum  .  .  .  obstaret .  .  .  dum  tepet  ac  timide  insanit ;  viii,  19, 
dum  .  .  .  castraret;  viii,  120,  dum  .  .  .  perlegerem ;  ix,  55, 
licuit  dum;  x,  96-7,  dum  viximus  una,  \  dum  .  .  .  fuit. 

METRE 

Some  of  the  metrical  irregularities  have  been  revised 
out  by  editors.  In  the  Mantua  edition  of  1498  we  have 
quottidie,  I,  120;  dmissa,  ii,  5  (omisit,  x,  69)  ;  sclderat,  ii, 
46;  somnolentum,  iii,  59;  Sdtdnum,  ii,  112;  mulieribus,  iv, 
70  {muliere,  iv,  206  and  vi,  57,  mulierum,  iv,  245)  ;  gdneae, 
IV,  129  {gdnea,  v,  151)  ;  subicit,  iv,  156;  piilicum,  viii,  10; 
ctmicum,  viii,  10;  anglnoso,  viii,  145;  sdbuco,  ix,  96; 
cdcdbos,  IX,  177;  posted,  viii,  47,  and  perhaps  vii,  25.'^^ 
There  are  three  spondaic  verses,  v,  120,  v,  129,  viii,  213. 
There  are  five  such  cadences  as  terebintht:  i,  31;  vii,  133; 
VIII,  10;  IX,  69;  ix,  168. 

VOCABULARY 

In  the  vocabulary,  there  a  number  of  departures  from 
classical  usage.  Modo  is  used  half  a  dozen  times  in  the 
sense  of  nunc,  i,  4;  ii,   151,  etc.;  parum  means  "a  little 

■^1  For  anglnoso  and  sdbuco,  he  could  cite  the  authority  of  Serenus 
Sammonicus ;  cdcdhos  may  be  found  in  the  Macaronea  of  his  younger 
contemporary,  Teofilo  Folengo ;  for  gdneae,  he  had  the  authority  of 
Prudentius;  for  sclderat,  that  of  Servius. 


60  INTRODUCTION 

while,"  IX,  20  and  39.  Inquis  is  used  for  memoras,  or  dicis, 
Vj  67  ;  VIII,  67  ;  x,  53;  ullus  for  aliquis,  vi,  251.  At  i,  103 
we'Tiave  de  sub,  "from  under,"  and  at  ix,  122,  a  longe, 
"  from  afar."  Semel  means  aliquando,  i,  118;  ipsis  is  used 
for  eis,  ii,  T47,  viii,  112,  173;  ista  refers  to  what  follows, 
III,  122;  VIII,  95.  Accubitu  means  "bed,"  vi,  52;  tegetis 
means  tecti,  or  tiigurii,  ix,  51;  tabellam  is  the  "lid"  or 
"  cover  '*~~of  a  jug7  ix,  39.  Polenta  is  used  as  a  neuter 
singular,  vi,  5  ;  viii,  23.  There  are  some  unusual  words : 
claviculo,  II,  100;  influxibus,  ix,  149;  rulla,  i,  142; 
runca,  iv,  49;  variantia,  x,  91;  callosa,  viii,  25;  cariceae, 
IX,  18;  fluvios,  viii,  65;  hernica,  iv,  118;  impetuosa,  iv, 
134;  saltidico,  i,  171;  situosus,  viii,  65;  squarrgsa^  v,  72j, 
suaviloquo,  iv,  9;  ventrosus,  x,  140;  appro^re,  ix,  119: 
fetant,  ii,  30;  incalluit,  iii,  25;  inj ortunarit ,  in,  167; 
obtenebrescere,  vi,  239 ;  qbviat,  ix,  147  ;  o  pules  cunt,  ix,  168; 
praesentas,  iv,  90.  C^/w.r^  i,  59,  is  the  animal;  philomena 
is  the  bird,  i,  27;  ii,  46,  etc.;  vulpes,  vi,  26,  means  /'-f//^^- 
vulpinas.  There  are  Greek  words,  like  artocopi,  vi,  100; 
artocreas,  viii,  23;  brucho,  viii,  132;  cercopithecos,  vi^  144; 
eremum,  x,  175;  genetUiacos,  y.  39:  gynaecei,  viii,  192; 
lampy rides,  \,  155;  melotas,  vi,,  27;  ogdoas,  viii,  181; 
onocrotalus,  viii,  59;  orexis,  i,  17;  rhomphaea,  iv,  211; 
zelotypo,  VI,  71.  AV/^^- = "  alms,"  vi,  157;  luxuria  — 
"lust,"  IV,  161;  j-w^^/a/z/f^  ="  wealth,"  iii,  8;  deltas  — 
divinitas,vi\,  ZZ  ;  extimare^^  aestimare,  iii,  16;  intendere  = 
animum  intendere,  I,  106;  ii,  49. 


BAPTISTAE  MANTUANl 

ADULESCENTIA 


F.  BAPTISTA  MANTUANUS  CARMELITA 
PARIDI  CERESARIO  D.S. 

Audi,  o  Pari,  aenigma  perplexum  quod  Oedipodes  ipse 
non  solveret.  ego  quinquagenarius  et  iam  canescens  adule- 
scentiam  meam  repperi,  et  habeo  adulescentiam  simul  et 
senectam.  sed  ne  longa  ambage  te  teneam,  nodum  hunc  dis- 
solvo.  anno  praeterito,  cum  Florentia  rediens  Bononiam 
pervenissem,  intellexi  apud  quendam  litterarium  virum  esse 
quendam  libellum  meum  quern  olim  ante  religionem,  dum 
in  gymnasio  Paduano  philosophari  inciperem,  ludens  ex- 
cuderam  et  ab  ilia  aetate  Adulescentiam  vocaveram.  car- 
men est  bucolicum  in  octo  eclogas  divisum,  quod  iam  diu 
tamquam  abortivum  putabam  abolitum.  ubi  id  rescivi, 
Saturnina  fame  repente  sum  percitus,  et  cogitavi  quonam 
pacto  possem  proli  meae  inferre  perniciem.  iuvantibus  ergo 
amicis  libellum  meum  vindicavi,  ut  perderem  quern  suspica- 
bar  erratis  non  posse  non  scatere.  at  ubi  intellexi  et  alia 
quaedam  exemplaria  superesse,  visum  est  praestare  hoc  quod 
vindicaram  emendare  emendatumque  edere,  ut  eius  editione 
cetera  quae  continent  multa  nimis  iuvenilia  deleantur.  hoc 
igitur  sic  castigatum  duabus  aliis  eclogis  quas  in  religione 
lusi  in  calce  subiunctis  tibi,  o  Pari,  iuvenis  antiquae  nobili- 
tatis  et  studiorum  ac  omniiun  bonarum  artium  amantissime 
nostraeque  urbis  decus  egregium,  libentissime  dono,  ut, 
.quando  tetricis  illis  philosophiae  ac  theologiae  lucubra- 
tionibus  quibus  assidue  vacas  fatigatus  fueris,  habeas  iucun- 
dulam  hanc  lectiunculam  qua  tamquam  ludo  quodam  blan- 
dulo  sed  liberali  lassum  legendo  reparetur  ingenium.  omnes 
autem  penes  quos  immatura  ilia  sunt  exemplaria  quae  dixi 
rogatos  volo  ut,  si  quid  umquam  fuit  eis  dulce  meum,  con- 
festim  exurant  nee  ullo  pacto  superesse  permittant.  accipe 
ergo,  Pari  suavissime,  libellum  et  auctorem,  et  ambobus 
tamquam  rebus  tuis  tuo  deinceps  utaris  arbitrio.  vale. 
Kalendis  vSeptembris,  mcccclxxxxviii. 
62 


\ 


ECLOGA  I,  FAUSTUS, 
DE  HONESTO  AMORE  ET  FELICI  EIUS  EXITU. 

FORTUNATUS.  FAUSTUS. 

For.  Fauste,  precor,  gelida  quando  pecus  omne  sub  umbra 
riiminat,  antiques  paulum  recitemus  amores, 
ne,  si  forte  sopor  nos  occupet,  ulla  ferarum 
quae  modo  per  segetes  tacite  insidiantur  adultas 
saeviat  in  pecudes ;  melior  vigilantia  somno. 

Fau.  Hie  locus,  haec  eadem  sub  qua  requiescimus  arbor 
scit  quibus  ingemui  curis,  quibus  ignibus  arsi 
ante  duos  vel  (ni  memini  male)  quattuor  annos; 
sed  tibi,  quando  vacat,  quando  est  iucunda  relatu, 
historiam  prima  repetens  ab  origine  pandam.  10 

Hie  ego,  dum  sequerer  primis  armenta  sub  annis, 
veste  solo  strata  sedi  iacuique  supinus 
cum  gemitu  et  lacrimis  mea  tristia  fata  revolvens. 
nulla  quies  mihi  dulcis  erat,  nullus  labor ;  aegro 
pectore  sensus  iners,  et  mens  torpore  sepulta 
ut  stomachus  languentis  erat  quem  nulla  ciborum 
blandimenta  movent,  quem  nulla  invitat  orexis. 
carminis  occiderat  studium,  iam  nulla  sonabat 
fistula  disparibus  calamis ;  odiosus  et  arcus, 
funda  odiosa,  canes  odiosi,  odiosa  volucrum  20 

praeda,  nucum  calyces  cultro  enucleare  molestum ; 
texere  fiscellam  iunco  vel  vimine,  piscem 
fallere,  scrutari  nidos,  certare  palaestra, 
sortiri  digitis  res  iniucunda,  voluptas 
magna  prius,  tanti  dum  mens  erat  inscia  morbi. 
colligere  agrestes  uvas  et  fraga  perosus 
maerebam  ut  pastu  rediens  philomena  cibumque 
ore  ferens  natis,  vacuo  sua  pignora  nido 
cum  sublata  videt :  rostro  cadit  esca  remisso, 
cor  stupet  et  contra  nidos  super  arboris  altae  30 

fronde  sedet  plorans  infelices  hymenaeos; 
seu  veluti  amisso  partu  formosa  iuvenca 

63 


64  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANl 

quae,  postquam  latos  altis  mugitibus  agros 
complevit,  residens  pallenti  sola  sub  umbra 
gramina  non  carpit  nee  fluminis  attrahit  undam. 

Sed  quid  circuitu  pario  tibi  taedia  longo, 
dum  sequor  ambages  et  verba  et  tempora  perdo? 
summa  haec :  vitales  auras  invitus  agebam. 
quod  si  forte  volens  cognoscere  singula  dicas, 
'  Fauste,  quis  in  syrtes  Auster  te  impegerat  istas?'  40 

me  mea  (verum  etenim  tibi,  Fortunate,  fatebor) 
me  mea  Galla  suo  sic  circumvenerat  ore 
ut  captam  pedicis  circumdat  aranea  muscam. 
namque  erat  ore  rubens  et  pleno  turgida  vultu 
et,  quamvis  oculo  paene  esset  inutilis  uno, 
cum  tamen  illius  faciem  mirabar  et  annos, 
dicebam  Triviae  formam  nihil  esse  Dianae. 

For.  Ludit  Amor  sensus,  oculos  praestringit  et  aufert 
libertatem  animi  et  mira  nos  f  ascinat  arte ; 
credo  aliquis  daemon  subiens  praecordia  flammam  50 

concitet  et  raptam  tollat  de  cardine  mentem. 
nee  deus  (ut  perhibent)  Amor  est,  sed  amaror  et  error. 

Fan.  Adde  quod  optatis  nee  spes  erat  ulla  potiri, 
quamvis  ilia  meo  miserata  f  averet  amori 
monstraretque  suos  oculis  ac  nutibus  ignes. 
nam,  quocumque  isset,  semper  comes  aspera:  semper 
nupta  sequebatur  soror  et  durissima  mater, 
sicque  repugnabant  votis  contraria  vota 
non  secus  ac  muri  catus :  ille  invadere  pernam 
nititur,  hie  rimas  oculis  observat  acutis.  60 

For.  Qui  satur  est  pleno  laudat  ieiunia  ventre, 
et  quem  nulla  premit  sitis  est  sitientibus  asper. 

Fau.  Tempus  erat  curva  segetes  incidere  falce 
et  late  albebant  flaventibus  hordea  culmis. 
affuit  (ut  mos  est)  natis  comitata  duabus 
collectura  parens  quae  praeterit  hordea  messor, 
ignorabat  enim  vel  dissimulabat  amorem; 
dissimulasse  puto,  quoniam  data  munera  natae 
noverat,  exiguum  leporem  geminasque  palumbes. 

For.  Pauperies  inimica  bonis  est  moribus  ;  omne  70 

labitur  in  vitium,  culpae  scelerumque  ministra  est. 

Fau.     Farra  legens  ibat  mea  per  vestigia  virgo 
nuda  pedem,  discincta  sinum,  spoliata  lacertos. 


ECLOGA  I.  33-J14  65 

ut  decet  aestatem  quae  solibus  ardet  iniquis, 

tecta  caput  f  ronde  intorta,  quia  sole  perusta 

fusca  fit  et  voto  facies  non  servit  amantum. 

iam  tergo  vicina  meo  laterique  propinqua 

sponte  mea  delapsa  manu  f  rumenta  legebat. 

nee  celare  suas  nee  vincere  f  emina  euras 

nee  differre  potest ;  tantum  levitatis  in  ilia  est.  80 

For.  Quisquis  amat  levis  est,  nee  femina  sola  sed  ipsi 
quos  sapere  et  praestare  aliis  mortalibus  aiunt, 
quos  operit  latus  fulgenti  muriee  elavus, 
quos  vidi  elatos  regali  ineedere  passu, 
tu  quoque  sie  affeetus  eras  dementior  ilia 
forsitan  et  levior.     virgo  data  farra  legebat, 
at  tu  farra  dabas;  die,  quae  dementia  maior? 
perge ;  opus  est  verbis  aliquando  areere  soporem. 

Fau.     Continuo  aspieiens  aegre  tulit  aspera  mater 
et  elamans  '  quo  ',  dixit,  '  abis?  cur  deseris  agmen?  90 

Galla,  veni,  namque  hie  alnos  prope  mitior  umbra, 
hie  tremulas  inter  frondes  immurmurat  aura.' 
o  invisa  meis  vox  auribus  !     '  ite  ',  preeabar, 
*  ite,  malam  venti  eeleres  dispergite  vocem.' 
si  quis  pastor  oves  ad  pinguia  paseua  ducat 
et  vetet  adductas  praesens  decerpere  gramen, 
vel  si  iam  pastas  potum  compellat  ad  amnem 
et  sitibundo  ori  salientem  deneget  undam, 
nonne  importunus,  naturae  inimieus  et  excors? 
ilia  mihi  vox  visa  lovis  violentior  ira  100 

cum  tonat  et  pluvius  terris  irascitur  aer. 
non  potui  (et  volui)  frontem  non  fleetere;  virgo 
demissi  in  cilium  de  sub  velaminis  ora 
me  aspieiens  metis  blande  subrisit  oeellis. 
id  eernens  iterum  natam  vocat  improba  mater ; 
Galla  operi  magis  intendens  audire  recusat. 
ut  pede,  sic  animo  sequitur.     tum  providus  ipse 
(namque  doles  inspirat  Amor  fraudesque  ministrat) 
nunc  cantu,  nunc  sollicitans  clamore  metentes 
velamenta  dabam  sceleri,  quo  credere  possent  110 

et  soror  et  mater  non  audivisse  puellam. 
falce  repellebam  sentes,  ne  crura  sequentis 
levia,  ne  teneras  ausint  offendere  plantas. 

For.   Quisquis  amat  servit :   sequitur  captivus  amantem, 


66  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

fert  domita  cervice  iugum,  fert  verbera  tergo 
dulcia,  fert  stimulos,  trahit  et  bovis  instar  aratrum. 

Fan.  Tu  quoque,  ut  hinc  video,  non  es  ignarus  amorum. 

For.  Id  commune  malum,  semel  insanivimus  omnes. 

Fau.  Hoc  animi  tam  triste  bonum,  tam  duke  venenum, 
cottidie  crudele  magis  crescebat  in  horas,  120 

ut  calor,  in  nonam  dum  lux  attollitur  horam. 
pallebam  attonito  similis,  lymphaticus,  amens, 
immemor,  insomnis.     nee  erat  res  ardua  morbi 
nosse  genus;  frons  est  animi  mutabilis  index, 
ut  pater  advertit,  mitem  se  praebuit  ultra 
consuetum,  quod  et  ipse  suos  expertus  amorum 
sciret  onus,  blandoque  loquens  humaniter  ore 
'  die  ',  inquit,  '  die,  Fauste,  quid  hoe  quod  peetore  volvis? 
infelix  puer,  haee  faeies  testatur  amorem. 
die  mihi ;  ne  pudeat  euras  aperire  parenti.'  130 

For.  Sit  lieet  in  natos  faeies  austera  parentum, 
aequa  tamen  semper  mens  est,  et  amiea  voluntas. 

Fau.   Ut  faeilem  pater  affectum  prae  se  tulit,  ultro 
rem  confessus  opem  petii.     promisit;  et  ante 
quam  brumale  gelu  Borealibus  arva  pruinis 
spargeret,  agnati  unanimes  cum  patre  puellam 
despondere  mihi.     nee  adhue  sine  testibus  illi 
congrediebar ;  eram  medio  sitibundus  in  amne 
Tantalus,     o  quotiens  misso  cum  bobus  aratro, 
ut  vacuis  aliquando  esset  sola  aedibus,  ibam !  1 40 

omnia  causabar,  stivam,  dentale  iugumque, 
lora  iugi,  rullam ;  deerant  quaeeumque,  petebam 
e  soceri  lare.     sola  tamen  deerat  mihi  virgo. 
non  deeram  mihi ;  piscator,  venator  et  auceps 
f actus  eram,  et  sellers  studia  intermissa  resumpsi. 
quidquid  erat  praedae,  quidquid  fortuna  tulisset, 
ad  soceros  ibat ;  gener  officiosus  habebar. 
noete  semel  media  subeuntem  limina  furtim 
(sic  etenim  paetus  fueram  cum  virgine)  furem 
esse  rati  invasere  canes;  ego  protinus  altam  150 

transiliens  saepem  vix  ora  latrantia  fugi. 

His  tandem  studiis  hiemem  transegimus  illam. 
ver  rediit,  iam  silva  viret,  iam  vinea  f  rondet, 
iam  spicata  Ceres,  iam  cogitat  hordea  messor, 
splendidulis  iam  noete  volant  lampyrides  alis ; 


EC  LOG  A  I.  1 1 5-17  f>  67 

ecce  dies  genialis  adest,  mihi  ducitur  uxor. 

sed  quid  opus  multis?     nox  exspectata  duobus 

venit,  et  in  portum  vento  ratis  acta  secundo  est. 

turn  bove  mactato  gemina  convivia  luce 

sub  patula  instructis  celebravimus  arbore  mensis.  160 

affuit  Oenophilus  mul toque  solutus  laccho 

tempestiva  dedit  toti  spectacula  vico. 

et  cum  multif  ori  Tonius  cui  tibia  buxo 

tandem  post  epulas  et  pocula  multicolorem 

ventriculum  sumpsit,  buccasque  inflare  rubentes 

incipiens  oculos  aperit  ciliisque  levatis 

multotiensque  altis  flatu  a  pulmonibus  hausto 

utrem  implet,  cubito  vocem  dat  tibia  presso. 

nunc  hue,  nunc  illuc  digito  saliente  vocavit 

pinguibus  a  mensis  iuvenes  ad  compita  cantu  170 

saltidico  dulcique  diem  certamine  clausit. 

et  iam  tres  hiemes  abiere  et  proximat  aestas 

quarta :  dies  rapidis,  si  qua  est  bona,  praeterit  horis. 

si  qua  placent,  abeunt ;  inimica  tenacius  haerent. 

For.  Fauste,  viden?     vicina  pecus  vineta  subintrat; 
iam  (ne  forte  gravi  multa  taxemur)  eundum  est. 


68  B  APT  I  ST  A  E  MANTUANI 

ECLOGA  II,  FORTUNATUS, 

DE  AM  ORIS  INS  AN  I  A. 

FAUSTUS.  FORTUNATUS. 

Fau.  Cur  tarn  serus  ades?  quid  te  (iam  septima  lux  est) 
detinuit?     gregibusne  nocent  haec  pascua  vestris? 

For.   Fauste,  Padus  nostros  qui  praeterlabitur  agros 
creverat  et  tumidis  iripas  aequaverat  undis ; 
nos,  cura  gregis  omissa,  privata  .coegit 
publicaque  utilitas  ripam  munire  diurnis 
nocturnisque  operis  fluviumque  arcere  furentem. 

Fau.   Fert  Padus  exundans  mala  saepius  omina:  noster 
Tityrus  est  auctor,  qui  pascua  dixit  et  arva. 

For.  Forsitan  id  verum,  quando  extra  tempora  et  ultra      1 0 
mensuram  atque  modum  subito  concreverit  aestu. 
nunc  autem  id  poscit  tempus,  nam  liquitur  altis 
nix  hiberna  iugis,  implent  cava  flumina  montes. 

Fau.  Se  exonerant  fluviosque  onerant.  sic  flumina  rursum 
se  exonerant  pelagusque  onerant ;  hominum  quoque  mos  est 
quae  nos  cumque  premunt  alieno  imponere  tergo. 

For.  Sed  iam  contractum  revocat  suus  alveus  amnem. 

Fau.   Decrescente  Pado  (dictu  mirabile)  noster, 
Fortunate,  lacus  maioribus  aestuat  undis. 
urbs  natat,  obscurae  fiunt  cellaria  fossae.  20 

lintre  cados  adeunt ;  labens  ad  vina  minister 
ridet,  et  ex  imis  fertur  gravis  obba  lacunis. 
multa,  licet  nati  fuerint  melioribus  horis, 
multa  et  magna  ferunt  aliquando  incommoda  cives. 

For.  Commoditas  omnis  sua  fert  incommoda  secum, 
et  sorti  appendix  est  illaetabilis  omni. 

Fau,     Hactenus  Eridanus ;  nostros  repetamus  amores, 
quandoquidem  nunc  alma  Venus  movet  omnia,  caelum 
luce  tepet  nitida,  tellus  viret,  arva  volucres 
cantibus  exhilarant  vernis,  nunc  omnia  fetant.  30 

For.  Tu  tua  lusisti,  sed  nos  aliena  sequamur. 
namque  tibi  noti  referam  pastoris  amores, 
Ut  doceam  Veneris  nihil  esse  potentius  igne, 


EC  LOG  A  II.  1-74  69 

Pauper  et  infesto  sub  sidere  natus  Amyntas 
sex  vitulos  totidemque  pares  aetate  iuvencas 
armentique  patrem  ducens  in  pascua  taurum 
venerat  ad  Coitum,  nitidis  ubi  Mincius  undis 
alluit  herbosos  fugiens  perniciter  agros. 
arx  nova  propter  aquas  pinnatis  ardua  muris 
est  Coitus,  campo  moles  fundata  palustri.  40 

hie  igitur  recubans  vitrei  prope  fluminis  undam, 
vitis  ubi  amplectens  longis  dunieta  lacertis 
in  vada  curvata  ripae  supereminet  umbra, 
piscibus  insidias  tendebat  harundine  et  hamo. 
messis  erat :  solis  rapidi  violentia  campos 
sciderat  arentes,  finem  philomena  canendi 
f  ecerat,  et  neque  lux,  passim  morientibus  herbis, 
pascere  oves  poterat  neque  nox  umore  cicadas, 
dumque  incumbit  aquis  studioque  intendit  inani, 
taurus  (ut  auditum  est)  primum  vexatus  ab  oestro,  SO 

mox  canibus,  demum  furaci  a  milite  silvis 
abditus  ex  toto  confestim  evanuit  agro. 

Quod  puer  ut  novit,  tumulum  conscendit  et  alta 
voce  bovem  damans  longo  rura  omnia  visu 
prospicit.     ut  frustra  niti  se  comperit,  arcum 
corripit  et  pharetram  sequiturque  per  invia  taurum. 
ilium  per  caulas  et  per  stabula  omnia  quaerens 
per  colles,  Benace,  tuos,  per  consita  olivis 
iugera,  per  virides  iicis  et  vitibus  agros, 

venerat  ad  sublime  iugum  quod  sulphuris  arcem  60 

sustinet  et  longis  aperit  prospectibus  illinc 
Benaciun,  hinc  campos  longe  lateque  patentes. 
lux  ea  sacra  f uit  Petro :  f  rondente  sub  ulmo 
mixta  erat  ex  omni  pubes  post  prandia  vico 
ducebatque  leves  buxo  resonante  choreas. 

Fau.  Rustica  gens,  nulla  genus  arte  domabile,  semper 
irrequietum  animal,  gaudet  sudore.     peracto 
mane  sacro  festa  (quando  omnibus  otia)  luce 
ipsa  oti  ac  f  amis  impatiens  epulatur  et  implet 
ingluviem.     audito  properat  tibicine  ad  ulmum;  70 

hie  furit,  hie  saltu  fertur  bovis  instar  ad  auras, 
quam  rastris  versare  nefas  et  vomere  terram 
calcibus  obduris  et  inerti  mole  fatigat 
ac  ferit,  et  tota  Baccho  facit  orgia  luce 


70  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANl 

vociferans,  ridens,  saliens  et  pocula  siccans. 

For.  Stulte,  quid  haec  faris?     solatia  rustica  damnas 
rusticus  ipse  ?     tuis  malus  es,  tibi  pessimus  ipsi. 

Fan.   Dicta  ioco  fuerint ;  nostrum  repetamus  Amyntam. 

For.  Continuit  gressum  baculoque  innixus  acerno 
intermisit  iter,  donee  mitesceret  aestus.  80 

ah  puer  inf elix,  aestus  te  maior  in  umbra 
corripiet.     nudam  videas  ne  in  fonte  Dianam, 
Claude  oculos,  blandis  neu  des  Sirenibus  aurem. 
sors  tua  Narcisso  similis :   Narcissus  in  undis 
dum  sedare  sitim  properat,  sitit  amplius ;  at  tu 
exteriorem  aestimi  fugiens  intrinsecus  ardes. 
quam  melius  fuerat  (nisi  te  sic  fata  tulissent) 
ad  reliquum  rediisse  pecus,  servasse  iuvencas, 
amissi  bovis  aequo  animo  dispendia  ferre' 
quam,  dum  conaris  nil  perdere,  perdere  te  ipsum.  90 

Fau.  Sed  post  iacturam  quis  non  sapit?     utile  non  est 
consilium  post  facta,  dari  quod  oportuit  ante, 
consilium  post  facta,  imber  post  tempora  frugum. 

For.  Una  puellares  inter  pulcherrima  turmas 
virgo  erat,  alba  comas,  aliis  procerior,  annos 
nata  quater  quinos  vel  circiter,  ore  nitenti 
urbanis  certare  potens  et  vincere  nymphis, 
aureolis  radians  guttis  ad  tempora  limbus 
ibat,  et  ad  pectus  clausum  velamen  aeno 
claviculo ;  mediam  fulgenti  fibula  ferro  100 

stringit  in  angustum ;  nova  candicat  instita  lapsu 
linea  rugoso  pedibusque  allabitur  imis. 
banc  puer  ut  vidit,  periit  flammasque  tuendo 
hausit  et  in  pectus  caecos  absorbuit  ignes, 
ignes  qui  nee  aquis  perimi  potuere  nee  umbris 
diminui  neque  graminibus  magicisve  susurris. 
oblitusque  greges  et  damna  domestica  totus 
uritur  et  noctes  in  luctum  expendit  amaras. 

Saepe  gravescentem  verbis  compescere  flammam 
nixus  et  insanum  iuvenis  cohibere  f urorem  1 1 0 

dicebam :  '  miserande  puer,  quis  te  deus  istas 
misit  in  ambages?     sed  non  deus,  immo  Satanum 
pessimus  ex  illis  quos  noctibus  atque  diebus 
ter  tribus  in  terras  fama  est  ex  aethere  lapsos. 
die,  age,  si  nosti  quemquam,  reminiscere  si  quern 


EC  LOG  A  11.  7  3- 1 50  71 

videris  hoc  pacto  ditescere,  surgere  in  altum, 

dilatare  domum,  maioribus  horrea  acervis 

complere  his  studiis,  extendere  latius  agios, 

multiplicare  greges,  acquirere  pascua  bobus. 

inter  tot  populos  quot  habet  latissima  tellus  120 

sunt  qui  nostra  ferant  mensis  epulanda  cruentis 

corpora  et  humanos  absumant  dentibus  artus ; 

sunt,  inquam,  quos  tanta  malis  tot  vexet  Erinys ; 

sed  nullum  est  tarn  immane  genus,  tarn  barbara  nusquam 

gens,  quae  femineos  non  exsecretur  amores. 

hinc  veniunt  rixae,  veniunt  et  iurgia  et  arma, 

saepe  etiam  dirae  multo  cum  sanguine  mortes ; 

hinc  quoque  deletis  eversae  moenibus  urbes. 

ipsae  etiam  leges  rubrisque  volumina  loris 

clausa  vetant  scelus  hoc  et  detestantur  amores.'  130 

Ut  leges  audivit,  ad  haec  respondit  Amyntas 
(civis  enim  fuerat  puer  et  versatus  in  urbe) 
*  his  monitis  prudens  et  circumspectus  haberi 
niteris  et  sensu  tetricos  anteire  Catones. 
error  hie,  haec  passim  sapiens  dementia  regnat. 
ipse  sibi  blanditur  homo  sollersque  putari 
vult  animal ;  tamen  incautus  sibi  multa  tetendit 
retia  et  in  foveam  cecidit  quam  fecerat.     ante 
liber  erat;  servile  iugum  sibi  condidit  ipse; 
pondus  id  est  legum  (vidi  ipse  volumina)  quas  nee  140 

antiqui  potuere  patres,  nee  possumus  ipsi, 
nee  servare  aetas  poterit  ventura  nepotum. 
aspice  quam  stulta  est  hominum  prudentia :  caelum 
sperat  et  esse  sibi  sedem  inter  sidera  credit ; 
forsitan  in  volucrem  moriens  transibit  et  altum 
spiritus  assumptis  tranabit  ad  aethera  pennis.' 

Tunc  ego :  '  quid  latras  ?     legum  Deus  auctor,  et  ipsis 
non  parere  sapit  magnam  nimis  impietatem.' 

Fail.  Grandia  de  magnis  haec  sunt  certamina  rebus. 

For.  Quid  fuerim  reris?    quamvis  pannosus  et  asper      150 
sim  modo,  tunc  animo,  tunc  vi,  tunc  ore  valebam, 
nee  mihi  sese  alius  poterat  componere  pastor. 

Fau.  Nunc  quoque,  si  rectus  vultu  gradiare  supino, 
alter  eris  Marius ;  raso  ore  videbere  Carbo. 

For.  Talia  respondit  sic  obiurgatus  Amyntas : 
'  facto  homini  Deus  invidit  (concessa  voluptas 


72  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANl 

visa  bonum  nimis  excellens)  et  vota  repressit 

legibus  inventis,  ut  equi  ligat  ora  capistro, 

ne  quocumque  libet  flectat  vestigia,  sessor. 

quae  mea  sit  me  cogit  amor  sententia  fari,  160 

liberaque  ora  f  acit :  qui  non  communicat  usum 

coniugis  invidus  est;  livorem  excusat  honestas 

introducta  usu  longi  livoris  iniquo. 

nam  dum  quisque  sibi  retinet  sua  gaudia,  nee  vult 

publica,  communis  mos  ac  longaevus  honestas 

factus,  et  hunc  morem  fecit  dementia  legem. 

invida  res  amor  est,  res  invidiosa  voluptas.' 

Tunc  ego  non  audens  hominem  contendere  contra 
amplius  insano  rediens  ab  amante  recessi. 

Fau.  Cernis  ut  hie  malus  affectus  sic  lumina  mentis     1  70 
claudat,  in  errores  ut  sponte  feramur  apertos? 

For.   Cernis  ut  a  summo  liventia  nubila  Baldo 
se  agglomerent  ?     oritur  grando ;  ne  forte  vagantes 
tempestas  deprendat  oves,  discedere  tempus. 


EC  LOG  A  II.  157— m-  33  73 

ECLOGA  III,  AMYNTAS, 

DE  INSANI  AMORIS  EXITU  INFELICI. 

FAUSTUS.  FORTUNATUS. 

Fail.  Ilia  hesterna  ruens  Baldi  de  vertice  grando, 
Fortunate,  fuit  nobis  innoxia  (divis 
gratia  nostrarum  quibus  est  custodia  frugum) 
sed,  veluti  ex  illis  veniens  ait  Harculus  oris, 
Veronensem  agrum,  pecudes  et  ovilia  sic  est 
demolita,  casas  et  pastoralia  tecta 
sic  evertit,  ut  agricolis  spes  nulla  supersit. 
agricolis  etenim  pecus  est  substantia,  et  arva 
his  subiecta  malis ;  grandi  thesaurus  in  area 
civibus  est  quern  nulla  queat  contundere  grando,  10 

nulla  pruina,  gelu  nullum,  nullae  aeris  irae. 

For.  Nescio  quis  ventos  tempestatesque  gubernat; 
id  scio  (sed  neque  si  scio  sat  scio,  sed  tamen  ausim 
dicere — quid?     vitane  ideo  multabor  in  ipsa?) 
numina  si,  ut  perhibent,  orbem  moderantur  ab  alto, 
extimo  nil  duros  hominum  curare  labores. 
aspice  quo  tenuem  victum  sudore  paramus, 
quot  mala  pro  grege,  pro  natis,  pro  coniuge  pastor 
f ert  miser,     infestis  aestate  caloribus  ardet, 
f rigoribus  riget  hibernis ;  dormimus  ad  imbrem  20 

cotibus  in  duris  vel  humi ;  contagia  mille, 
mille  premunt  morbi  pecudes,  discrimina  mille 
sollicitant,  latro  insidias  intentat  ovili 
atque  lupus  milesque  lupo  furacior  omni. 
ut  manus  assiduo  detrita  incalluit  usu, 
squaluit  os,  barba  obriguit,  cutis  aruit  aestu, 
una  repentino  rapit  omnia  turbine  grando. 
hoc  Superi  faciunt  quibus  inclinamur  ad  aras 
et  quibus  offerimus  faculas  et  cerea  vota. 
nescio  quae  pietas  et  quae  dementia  tantis  30 

cladibus  involvat  pastores  omnium  egenos. 

Faic.   Fortunate,  scelus  nobis  haec  omnia  nostrum 
ingerit ;  aetherei  sententia  ludicis  aequa  est. 


74  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

For,  Quod  scelus?     an  fuimus  Christi  vitae  insidiati? 

Fau.  lurgia,  furta,  irae,  Venus  et  mendacia,  rixae. 

For.  Quid  meruere  boni?    nee  enim  scelus  obruit  omnes, 
et  tamen  una  omnes  pariter  pessumdat  Erinys. 

Fau.  Heu  nescis  male  de  Superis  sentire  nefandimi? 
his  igitur  quae  scire  nef  as,  nescire  necesse  est, 
posthabitis  curas  iterum  repetamus  Amyntae  40 

quas  sumus  experti,  quas  ignorare  negatum  est; 
res  vulgaris  amor,  studium  commune  iuventae. 

For.  Maeror  et  affectus  alii  de  cardine  mentem 
saepe  levant ;  animo  sermo  venit  aeger  ab  aegro. 

Fau.  Intellecta  licet  pro  re,  pro  tempore  fari 
(sic  habitus  Cosmas  sapiens)  incognita  numquam. 
.  For.  Fauste,  sapis ;  notos  igitur  repetamus  amores. 
restat  Amyntaeos  postrema  in  fata  furores 
ducere  et  in  misero  lacrimas  impendere  casu. 

Praeteriens  iliac  parvo  post  tempore  rursum  50 

insanire  hominem  video  et  miseratus  amantem 
*  0,'  iterum  dixi,  '  mens  inconsulta  veneno 
ebria  fatali.     populo  iam  f abula  factus 
non  resipiscis  adhuc,  et  adhuc  in  amore  sepultus 
te  ruis  atque  tuos,  pecus  atque  mapalia,  tecum 
ut  quondam  moriens  rapuit  secum  omnia  Samson: 
cum  senio  curvatus  eris  (si  forte  senectam 
fata  tibi  dederint)  quis  sustentabit  inertem, 
somnolentum,  inopem,  cum  iam  def  ecerit  omne 
robur  et  ingenium,  sensusque  recesserit  omnis?  60 

haec  tibi  cuncta  feret   (nisi  mors  praevenerit)   aetas. 
esto  domi,  vigila,  observa,  super  omnia  semper 
prospice  quo  tendas,  et  quo  venisse  dolendum  est 
ire  cave,     discerne  vias  hominemque  memento 
non  ad  delicias,  non  ad  muliebria  natum. 
blandimenta  levi  tam  perniciosa  iuventae. 
ipse  ego  cui  pecudes,  cui  lac,  cui  caseus,  aegre 
vitam  ago ;  tanta  agros  omnes  invasit  egestas, 
tot  duri  rerum  eventus,  incommoda  passim 
tanta,  tot  adversis  totus  convolvitur  orbis.  70 

accipe  rem  non  auditam,  non  tempore  factam 
praeterito,  sed  quam  lux  haec  mihi  protulit  ipsi. 
ut  mos,  autumno  pecudes  crescente  totondi. 
mane  foro  exposui  lanae  venalia  pondo 


ECLOGA  III.  34-115  75 

sexaginta  hodie,  grande  aes  conflare  putabam ; 

vix  vitam  gregis  eduxi,  vix  pabula  possum 

mercari  hibernis  nivibus ;  quo  cetera  pacto 

sit  victura  domus  nondum  mihi  constat,  Amynta. 

quisquis  amat  dominae  munuscula  mittat  oportet ; 

tu  vero  cui  vix  tectum  fortuna  reliquit  80 

sub  quo  luce  habitat,  sub  quo  pernoctat  egestas, 

quid  poteris  cupidae  gratum  donare  puellae? 

mittere  mala  decem  satis  esse  solebat  amanti, 

purpurei  flores  et  raptus  ab  arbore  nidus, 

gramen  odoriferum,  memini  quo  tempore  magnae 

credebantur  opes ;  ventum  est  a  gramine  ad  aurum. 

regia  res  amor  est  hac  tempestate;  recessit 

mos  vetus  et  quaedam  mala  lex  inolevit  amandi.' 

Talia  suadenti  torvo  mihi  rettulit  ore: 
*  si  cupis  optatam  mihi,  Fortunate,  salutem,  "      90 

da  quod  amo ;  nostro  haec  una  est  medicina  dolori. 
cetera  quae  memoras  mihi  sunt  tormenta.     revelli 
ex  animo  furor  iste  nequit ;  mea  pectora  imago 
virginis  obsedit,  mecum  est,  mecum  itque  reditque, 
excubat  et  dormit  mecum ;  caput,  ossa,  medullas, 
cor  complexa  potest  cum  sola  excedere  vita. 
ac  veluti  quotiens  aliena  ex  arbore  secto 
surculus  inseritur  trunco,  natura  duorum 
iungitur  et  mixto  coalescit  corpore  virga, 
sic  dominae  dilecta  mihi  se  immersit  imago  100 

et  fecit  duo  corda  unum,  duo  traxit  in  unum 
pectora ;  sensus  inest  nobis  et  spiritus  idem, 
o  me  felicem,  si,  cum  mea  fata  vocabunt, 
in  gremio  dulcique  sinu  niveisque  lacertis 
saltem  anima  caput  hoc  languens  abeunte  iaceret; 
ilia  sua  nobis  morientia  lumina  dextra 
clauderet  et  tristi  fleret  mea  funera  voce, 
sive  ad  felices  vadam  post  funera  campos, 
seu  ferar  ardentem  rapidi  Phlegethontis  ad  undam, 
nee  sine  te  felix  ero,  nee  tecum  miser  umquam.  110 

o  Dryades  florumque  deae  Nymphaeque  decentes, 
o  nemorum  Silvane  pater,  servate  (precamur) 
collibus  in  vestris  gelidisque  in  vallibus  omne 
silvarum  rurisque  decus;  circumdate  saltus 
saepibus  et  prohibete  pecus,  ne  floribus  obsit; 


76  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

ista  (precor)  dominae  servate  in  funera  nostrae. 

tunc  omnis  spargatur  humus ;  redolentia  serta 

texite,  quae  circa  tumulum  supraque  iacentem 

componantur  heram.     tristes  ad  busta  puellae 

Pierides  aderunt  et  lamentabile  carmen  120 

ore  canent  madido  signataque  verba  relinquent 

ista  sepulturae  relegenda  nepotibus  olim: 

HIC  TEGITUR  VIRGO  GUI  NIL  QUIN  DIVA  VOCARI 
DEBUERIT  DEERAT^  NISI  DURA  FUISSET  AMANTI. 

0  virgo,  si  te  tantus  consumeret  ardor, 

per  centum  Scyllas  ad  te,  per  mille  Charybdes, 

tranarem  laturus  opem ;  tu  saevior  Hydra 

me  fugis.     at  culpae  nihil  est  in  virgine,  nam  me 

nescit  adhuc;  si  sciret  enim,  succurreret  ultro, 

nee  puto  sub  miti  tam  ferrea  pectora  vultu.  130 

signa  tamen  vultus  fallacia;  sub  cute  molli 

mens  fera,  sub  blanda  sunt  corda  immania  fronte. 

alloquar  et  faciam  nostros  intellegat  ignes. 

si  tamen  ilia  meos  vultus  averterit,  ibunt 

in  lacrimas  oculi,  triste  in  suspiria  pectus. 

oderit  ilia  licet  semper  fugiatque  sequentem, 

ista  tamen,  quocumque  ferar,  me  cura  sequetur. 

ite  procul  medicae,  non  sum  sanabilis,  artes, 

ite  procul  magico  qui  (quod  nee  credere  dignum  est) 

carmine  pallentes  animas  revocatis  ab  Oreo,  140 

ite  procul  vanis  precibus  qui  flectere  divos 

creditis ;  adversum  est  et  inexorabile  caelum. 

me  rapit  impatiens  furor  et  iuvat  ire  per  altos 

solivagum  montes,  per  lustra  ignota  ferarum.' 

Talia  iactantem  verbis  conabar  amicis 
flectere,  sed  vulnus  nihil  insanabile  curat, 
ilium  per  campos  nox  intempesta  silentes, 
ilium  exorta  dies  inter  dumeta  videbat 
insomnem  semper,  raro  silvestria  poma 
carpentem  et  potu  contentum  simplicis  undae.  150 

post  longos  gemitus  exhaustaque  lumina  fletu 
assiduo,  post  lamenta  et  convulsa  frequenti 
pectora  singultu,  moriens  finivit  amores. 
exanimum  corpus  tumuli  sine  honore  relictum 
nocturnae  absumpsere  ferae  volucresque  diurnae. 

Fan.  Heu  funesta  lues,  fatalis  machina  passim 


ECLOGA  III.  116-194  77 

corda  venenatis  penetrans  humana  sagittis, 

aequiperans  hominem  pecudi.     quae  pocula  Circe, 

quae  peiora  umquam  potuit  dare  philtra  Calypso? 

quae  Styx,  quis  Phlegethon  gravior  ?    quae  maior  Erinys  ?    1 60 

0  stulti,  quicumque  deum  dixistis  Amorem. 

num  natura  nocens  deus  est?     ubicumque  locorum 

sit  deus,  est  homini  clemens,  innoxius,  aequus. 

For.  Heu  miserande  puer  tenera  sublate  iuventa, 
quae  tibi  nascenti  luxerunt  sidera?     quae  tarn 
noxia  pars  caeli  est,  ut  te  nil  tale  merentem 
laeserit  et  primis  infortunarit  ab  annis? 
nee  tamen  omnino  caelum  tibi  def uit ;  omne 
carmen  et  argutis  quidquid  modulamur  avenis 
doctus  eras,     nisi  te  mors  immatura  tulisset,  170 

dignus  eras  hederis,  dignus  Parnaside  lauro; 
nee  melius  cecinit  pugnas  ac  tristia  bella, 
hordea  et  agrorum  cultus  et  pascua  noster 
Tityrus  a  magno  tantum  dilectus  Alexi. 
namque  tui  praecox  animi  sollertia  nobis 

cognita  iam  pridem  magnam  producere  frugem 

coeperat,  et  specimen  tuleras  virtutis  et  artis 

non  vulgare  tuae ;  poteras  iam  gloria  dici 

ruris  et  aetatis  decus  indelebile  nostrae. 

te  Padus  et  noster  lugubri  Mincius  ore  180 

cum  Nymphis  flevere  suis,  ut  Thracius  Hebrus 

Orphea ;  te  tristes  ovium  flevere  magistri, 

ut  Daphnim  luxisse  ferunt ;  te  pascua  et  agri 

undique ;  et  audita  est  totis  querimonia  campis. 

spargite,  pastores,  tumulum  redolentibus  herbis 

atque  sacerdotiun  cantus  ac  tura  quotannis 

ducite,  et  aeternam  requiem  cantate  poetae. 

Fau.  Tu  tamen  arva  tenes  patriae  melioris  et  altum 

incolis  Elysium;  nos  hie  te  flemus,  Amynta. 

For.  Flendum  hodie  nobis  fuerat ;  nam  tristia  nocte     190 

nescio  quae  maestis  cernebam  insomnia  formis. 

sed  iam  Vesper  adest  et  sol  se  in  nube  recondens, 

dimi  cadit,  agricolis  vieinos  nuntiat  imbres ; 

cogere  et  ad  caulas  pecudes  convertere  tempus. 


78  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

t 

ECLOGA  IV,  ALPHUS, 

DE  NATURA  MULIERUM. 
ALPHUS.  lANNUS. 

A.  lanne,  caper  (video)  macer  est  tuus.     esse  solebat 
acer  et  elatis  in  caelum  cornibus  ire ; 
nunc  deiectus  humi  flaccis  piger  auribus  herbam 
olfacit  et  summis  attingit  gramina  labris. 

/.  Languet,  et  ex  isto  languore  facetia  surgit 
quae,  quotiens  memini,  risum  ciet.     edita  nondum  est; 
edita  cum  fuerit,  totus  mirabitur  orbis. 

A.  lanne,  soles  narrare  sales  lepidissime  et  ore 
suaviloquo ;  die  ergo  tuus  cur  langueat  hircus. 

/.  Res  non  ficta  (Deus  testis)  sed  facta  recenter.  10 

at  dulce  id  f acinus  non  est  narrabile  gratis ; 
quid  pretii  sperare  licet?     quae  dona  reporto? 

A.  lanne,  ubi  congessit  nidos  philomena  docebo. 

/.   Qui  leviter  spondet  promisso  eludit  inani. 

A.  Qui  non  credit,  inops  fidei.     sed  pignore  tutum 
te  f  aciam  ;  .duo  tela  mea  deprome  pharetra. 

/.  Incipiam.     Nymphae  Parnasides,  ora  movete 
et  memorate  mei  dira  inf  ortunia  capri, 
ac  philomenaeos  Alpho  concedite  nidos. 

Conductus  mercede  puer  praefectus  ovili  20 

assidue  pascebat  oves,  caprum  atque  capellas. 
servitium  nobis  pueri  fuit  utile,  donee 
virgine  conspecta  quae  tum  hue  veniebat  aquatum 
tabuit.     ex  illo  vecors  iam  tempore  factus 
frigidius  curare  gregem,  contemnere  caulas 
coepit  et  exhausto  subvertere  cuncta  cerebro. 
cum  sopitus  erat,  poterat  vigil  esse  videri, 
nugabatur  enim ;  quando  vigilabat,  inert! 
corporis  officio  volvebat  somnia  mente. 

hunc  ergo  in  saltu  ludens  per  cornua  caprum  .'^O 

viminibus  validis  inter  dumeta  ligarat 
(quarta  dies  hodie)  tentans  an  vincula  possit 
vincere  cervice  ac  praedurae  robore  frontis, 


EC  LOG  A  IV.  1-74  79 

quaesitum  interea  nidos  nemus  omne  pererrat. 

corda  subit  virgo,  dilecta  recogitat  ora, 

ora,  sinus  et  quae  f ari  pudor ;  omnia  volvit. 

lux  fugit  interea;  capri  redit  immemor.     alta 

nocte  recordatus  surgit,  pavidusque  per  umbras 

dum  graditur,  ruit  in  f oveam  quae  fronde  saligna 

captandis  obducta  feris  et  stramine  sicco  40 

instar  erat  putei  fundo  irremeabilis  alto. 

est  caper  in  vinclis,  puer  est  in  carcere,  pastor 

nuUus  oves  curat,     iam  tertia  luxerat  hora; 

miror,  oves  resero  ac  numero  caprumque  requirens 

obstupeo ;  puerum  clamo,  magalia  lustro. 

vera  loquar:  magicis  ne  forte  liquoribus  unctus 

extimui  ascenso  migrasset  in  aera  capro. 

namque  striges  tali  fama  est  ope  nocte  vagantes 

ad  quaedam  longinqua  procul  convivia  f  erri. 

attonitus  tandem  pecudes  ad  pascua  duco.  50 

dumque  pedum  meditans  subeo  nemus,  ecce  per  umbras, 

ecce  procul  caper  in  dumis  strepit  atque  reluctans 

cornibus  adversis  contra  sua  vincula  pugnat. 

terruit  incautum  subito  feralis  imago 

et  nil  tale  ratum ;  firmato  pectore  tandem 

nosco  animal  subiensque  rubos  seco  vincula  runca. 

sero  domum  rediens  video  per  pascua  longe 

turbam  exsultantem  risu  iuveniliter  alto. 

ut  prope  constitimus  meque  agnovere,  salutant 

et  '  tuus  ecce,'  aiunt,  '  puer  hie,  o  lanne,  luporum  60 

erutus  e  foveis.     dum  nocte  perambulat  agros, 

incidit  in  casses.'     et  sic  inventus  uterque, 

et  caper  et  pastor,     caper  haec  incommoda  passus 

languet  adhuc;  puer  imprudens  insanior  hirco  est. 

virgo  superbivit  mox,  ut  se  audivit  amari, 

et  pueri  simulans  curam  ignorare  pudorem 

fingit,  ut  ad  formam  faciat  pudor.     ora  sinumque 

ornat  et  in  terram  versis  incedit  ocellis 

callida;  vulpina  rem  simplicitate  gubernat. 

haec  studia,  hi  casses,  haec  sunt  mulieribus  arma.  70 

ille  sua  sperans  Galatea  aliquando  potiri 

contempta  mercede  suos  sectatur  amores. 

propterea  plaustro,  stiva  bobusque  relictis 

ad  pastoris  opus  redeo ;  subiecta  f urori 


80  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

ista  iuventutis  levitas  rura  omnia  vexat. 

A .  Quod  nequit  ingenium,  casus  f  acit.     o  stupor,  o  sors 
ingeniosa,  o  res  risu  celebranda  bimestri ! 
lanne,  fides  servanda;  tibi  philomena  laborat. 
sed  quod  tarn  vafro  memoras  de  virginis  astu 
rettulit  in  mentem  quae  psallere  saepe  solebat  80 

carmina  femineis  olim  de  fraudibus  Umber. 

/.  Die  Umbri,  die,  si  quid  habes.     meditare  parum_per 
et  verba  et  numeros ;  Umbri  est  memorabile  carmen. 

A.  Est  (ut  ais)  sed  non  gratis,  memorabile  carmen, 
quas  referes  grates?     et  quid  mercedis  habebo? 

/.  Accipe :  promissis  absolvo  et  spicula  reddo. 

A.  Dum  vado  ad  ventrem  post  haec  carecta  levandum, 
lanne,  meum  tu  coge  pecus,  ne  vitibus  obsit. 

/.  O  aries,  aries,  qui  tortis  cornibus  atrum 
daemona  praesentas,  semper  vineta  subintras.  90 

non  sapies  donee  fossa  tibi  lumina  f route 
eruero.     non  sunt  porrecta  in  iugera  centum 
pascua  sat,  nisi  pampineos  populeris  et  agros. 

A.  lanne,  recordatus  redeo,  sed  plurima  forsan 
nondum  nota  tibi  referam.     cognoverat  Umber 
omnia  quae  fas  est  homini  perdiscere,  caelos, 
sidera,  tellurem,  ventos,  mare,  flumina,  fontes. 
viderat  et  Rhodopen  atque  alta  Ceraunia  et  Ossam, 
Gallica  regna,  Ararim,  Rhodanum  Tiberimque  Padumque, 
Attica  Romanis  referebat  carmina  verbis  100 

ore  utroque  potens  et  lingua  primus  utraque. 
hunc  unum  nobis  invidit  Graecia  et  ipsi 
Arcades  et  Thracum  saltus  et  Thessala  Tempe. 
si  quid  erit  quod  forte  velis  tibi  notius  esse, 
Candidus  illius  semper  documenta  secutus 
non  procul  hinc ;  haec  ille  tenet,  nos  ille  docebit. 
sed  iam  septiforem  flatu  experiamur  avenam. 
ante  tamen  Nymphae  precor  ut  Libethrides  adsint, 
praesertim  quae  plus  meminisse  Pol3'mnia  fertur. 

'  Femineum  servile  genus,  crudele,  superbimi,  110 

lege,  modo,  ratione  caret,     confinia  recti 
neglegit,  extremis  gaudet,  facit  omnia  voto 
praecipiti,  vel  lenta  iacet  vel  concita  currit ; 
femina  semper  hiems  atque  intractabile  frigus, 
aut  Canis  ardentes  contristat  sidere  terras, 


EC  LOG  A  IV.  75-i5(>  81 

temperiem  numquam,  numqiiam  mediocria  curat ; 

vel  te  ardenter  amat  vel  te  capitaliter  odit. 

si  gravis  est,  maeret  torvo  nimis  hernica  vultu ; 

si  studeat  comis  fieri  gravitate  remissa, 

fit  levis,  erumpit  blando  lascivia  risu  120 

et  lepor  in  molli  radiat  meretricius  ore. 

flet,  ridet,  sapit,  insanit,  formidat  et  audet, 

vult,  non  vult,  secumque  sibi  contraria  pugnat 

mobilis,  inconstans,  vaga,  garrula,  vana,  bilinguis, 

imperiosa,  minax,  indignabunda,  cruenta, 

improba,  avara,  rapax,  querula,  invida,  credula,  mendax, 

impatiens,  onerosa,  bibax,  temeraria,  mordax, 

ambitiosa,  levis,  maga,  lena,  superstitiosa, 

desidiosa,  vorax,  ganeae  studiosa,  palatum 

docta,  salax,  petulans  et  dedita  mollitiei,  130 

dedita  blanditiis,  curandae  dedita  formae. 

irae  odiique  tenax  in  idonea  tempora  differt 

ulciscendi  animos  infida,  ingrata,  maligna, 

impetuosa,  audax,  fera,  litigiosa,  rebellis. 

exprobrat,  excusat  tragica  sua  crimina  voce, 

murmurat,  accendit  rixas,  nil  foedera  pendit, 

ridet  amicitias,  curat  sua  commoda  tantum. 

ludit,  adulatur,  defert,  sale  mordet  amaro, 

seminat  in  vulgus  nugas,  auditaque  lingua 

auget  et  ex  humili  tumulo  producet  Olympum.  140 

dissimulat,  simulat  doctissima  fingere  causas 

ordirique  dolos  fraudique  accomodat  ora, 

ora  omnes  facili  casus  imitantia  motu. 

non  potes  insidias  evadere,  non  potes  astum 

vincere ;  tantae  artes,  sollertia  tanta  nocendi. 

et  quamquam  videas  oculis  praesentibus,  audet 

excusare  nefas.     potis  est  eludere  sensus 

sedulitate  animi ;  nihil  est  quod  credere  possis 

et  nihil  est  quod  non,  si  vult,  te  credere  cogat. 

His  facient  exempla  fidem.     quae  crimina  non  sunt       150 
feminea  temptata  manu?     dedit  hostibus  arcem 
decepta  ornatu  l)racchi  Tarpeia  sinistri, 
saeviit  in  natos  manibus  Medea  cruentis, 
Tyndaris  Aegaeas  oneravit  navibus  undas, 
Scylla  hostem  sequitur  patri  furata  capillum. 
fratrem  Byblis  amat,  subicit  se  Myrrha  parenti, 


82  BAPriSTAE  MANTUANl 

concubitus  nati  longaeva  Semiramis  ardet. 

causa  necis  vati  coniunx  fuit  Amphiarao, 

occidere  viros  nocturnis  Belides  armis,  ♦ 

Orphea  membratim  Cicones  secuere  poetam.  160 

cognita  luxuriae  petulantia  Pasiphaaeae, 

Phaedra  pudicitiam  contra  crudeliter  ausa  est. 

decepit  ludaea  virum  Rebecca  suamque 

progeniem  velans  hircino  guttura  tergo, 

porrigit  Alcidae  coniunx  fatale  venenum, 

decipit  Hippodame  patrem.     Lavinia  Troas 

implicat  ancipiti  bello,  Briseis  Achillem 

depulit  e  castris,  demens  Chryseide  factus 

fulminat  Atrides  et  sentit  Apollinis  iras. 

Eva  genus  nostrum  felicibus  expulit  arvis.  170 

credite,  pastores   (per  rustica  numina  iuro) 

pascua  si  gregibus  vestris  innoxia  vultis, 

si  vobis  ovium  cura  est,  si  denique  vobis 

grata  quies,  pax,  vita,  leves  prohibete  puellas 

pellanturque  procul  vestris  ab  ovilibus  omnes, 

Thestylis  et  Phyllis,  Galatea,  Neaera,  Lycoris. 

dicite,  quae  tristem  mulier  descendit  ad  Orcum 

et  rediit?     potuit,  si  non  male  sana  fuisset, 

Eurydice  revehi  per  quas  descenderat  umbras ; 

rapta  sequi  renuit  fessam  Proserpina  matrem.  180 

at  pius  Aeneas  rediit,  remeavit  et  Orpheus, 

maximus  Alcides  et  Theseus  et  duo  fratres. 

unus  equis,  alter  pugnis  bonus  atque  palaestra, 

et  noster  Deus,  unde  salus  et  vita  resurgit. 

haec  sunt,  pastores,  haec  sunt  mysteria  vobis 

advertenda:  animi  fugiunt  obscena  viriles, 

femineas  loca  delectant  infamia  mentes.' 

Ut  semel  in  scopulos  vento  contortus  et  unda 
nauta  scit  incautis  monstrare  pericula  nautis, 
sic  senior  longo  f actus  prudentior  usu  190 

praeteritos  meminit  casus  aperitque  futuri 
temporis  eventus  vitaeque  pericula  monstrat. 

'  Si  fugiunt  aquilam  fulicae,  si  retia  cervi. 
si  agna  lupum,  si  damma  canem,  muliebria  cur  non 
blandimenta  fugis  tantum  tibi  noxia,  pastor? 
est  in  eis  pietas  crocodili.  astutia  hyaenae  ; 
cum  flet  et  appellat  te  blandius,  insidiatur. 


ECLOGA  IV.  157-238  83 

femineos,  pastor,  fugito   (sunt  retia)   vultus ; 

non  animis,  non  virtuti,  non  viribus  uUis 

fidito,  non  clipeo  cuius  munimine  Perseus  200 

vidit  saxificae  colubros  impune  Medusae. 

monstra  peremerunt  multi,  domuere  gigantes, 

evertere  urbes,  legem  imposuere  marinis 

fluctibus,  impetui  fluviorum  et  montibus  aspris, 

sacra  coronarunt  multos  certamina ;  sed  qui 

cuncta  subegerunt  sunt  a  muliere  subacti. 

rex  qui  pastor  erat  f  unda  spolioque  leonis 

inclutus,  et  natus  qui  templa  Sionia  fecit 

primus,  et  excellens  invicto  robore  Samson 

femineum  subiere  iugum;  minus  officit  ignis,  210 

saxa  minus,  rhomphaea  minus,  minus  hasta,  minus  mors. 

nee  formae  contenta  suae  splendore  decorem 

auget  mille  modis  mulier :  f  rontem  ligat  auro, 

purpurat  arte  genas  et  collocat  arte  capillos, 

arte  regit  gressus  et  lumina  temperat  arte. 

currit,  ut  in  latebras  ludens  perducat  amantem ; 

vult  dare,  sed  cupiens  simplex  et  honesta  videri 

denegat  et  pugnat ;  sed  vult  super  omnia  vinci. 

femina  Caeciaco  (res  mira)  simillima  vento  est 

qui  trahit  expellens  mendaci  nubila  flatu.  220 

quisquis  es  (expertus  moneo)  temptare  recusa, 

dum  licet,  hie  fragilis  quot  habet  fastidia  sexus. 

immundum  natura  animal,  sed  quaeritur  arte 

mundities ;  id  luce  opus  est,  ea  somnia  nocte. 

deglabrat,  lavat  et  pingit,  striat,  unguit  et  ornat 

tota  dolus,  tota  ars,  tota  histrio,  tota  venenum. 

consilio  speculi  gerit  omnia ;  labra  movere 

discit  et  inspecto  vultimi  componere  vitro, 

discit  blandiri,  discit  ridere,  iocari, 

incedens  umeros  discit  vibrare  natesque.  230 

quid  sibi  vult  nudum  pectus?     quid  aperta  superne 

rimula  quae  bifidam  deducit  in  ubera  vallem? 

nempe  nihil,  nisi  quo  virus  penetrabile  sensum 

plus  premat  et  Stygiae  rapiant  praecordia  flammae. 

hi  iuvenum  scopuli,  Syrtes,  Scyllae  atque  Charybdes ; 

hae  immundae  Phinei  volucres  quae  ventre  soluto 

proluvie  foeda  thalamos,  cenacula,  mensas, 

compita,  templa,  vias,  agros,  mare,  flumina,  montes 


84  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

• 

incestare  solent ;  hae  sunt  Phorcynides  ore 

monstrifico  extremis  Libyae  quae  in  finibus  olim  '      240 

aspectu  mutare  homines  in  saxa  solebant.' 

Carmina  doctiloqui  cursim  recitavimus  Umbri. 
quae  si  visa  tibi  nimium  prolixa,  memento 
ipsius  id  rei  vitium,  non  carminis  esse.  '. 

non  longum  est  carmen,  mulierum  amentia  longa  est. 

/.   O  memorande  senex,  quo  se  vetus  Umbria  tantum 
iactat  et  ipse  tuae  Tiberis  conterminus  urbi, 
Martia  non  ab  re  tantum  te  Roma  vocabat. 
ipsa  tuas  artes  et  non  trivialia  norat 

carmina.     te  vita  functum  flevere  Latinae  *     250 

Naiades  et  Graiae.     tua  molliter  ossa  quiescant 
semper  et  in  summo  mens  aurea  vivat  Olympo. 


ECLOGA  IV.  239— V.  33  85 

ECLOGA  V,  CANDIDUS, 

DE  CONSUETUDINE  DIVITUM  ERG  A  POET  AS. 

SILVANUS.  CANDIDUS. 

S.  Candide,  nobiscum  pecudes  aliquando  solebas 
pascere  et  his  gelidis  calamos  inflare  sub  umbris 
et  miscere  sales  simul  et  certare  palaestra^ 
nunc  autem  quasi  pastores  et  rura  perosus 
pascua  sopito  fugis  et  trahis  otia  cantu. 

C.  Vos  quibus  est  res  ampla  domi,  quibus  ubera  vaccae 
plena  ferunt,  quibus  alba  greges  mulctraria  complent, 
cymbia  lacte  nivent  et  pinguia  prandia  fumant, 
carmina  laudatis ;  si  quid  concinnius  exit,"\ 
plauditis  ac  laeti  placidas  extenditis  aures.  10 

pro  numeris  vanas  laudes  et  inania  verba 
redditis ;  interea  pastor  sitit,  esurit,  alget. 

S.  Nonne  potes  curare  greges  et  dicere  versus, 
cum  vacat,  et  positis  vitam  traducere  curis? 

C.   Omnem  operam  gregibus  pastorem  impendere  oportet, 
ire,  redire,  lupos  arcere,  mapalia  saepe 
cingere,  mercari  paleas  et  pabula,  victum 
quaercre  ;  nil  superest  oti.     laudabile  carmen 
omnem  operam  totumque  caput,  Silvane,  requirit. 
grande  utrumque  opus  est  et  nostris  viribus  impar.  20 

cum  cecini,  sitio  ;  sitienti  pocula  nemo 
porrigit.     irrident  alii :   '  tibi  paenula,'  dicunt, 
'  Candide,  trita,  genu  nudum,  riget  hispida  barba.' 
iam  silvae  implumes  et  hiems  in  montibus  albet ; 
irascor,  doleo,  indignor.     fert  omnia  victus, 
lanitium  f  etusque  mares ;  non  vendimus  agnas, 
sed,  quia  lac  pascunt,  premitur  nihil;  ubera  siccant. 
paenitet  ingenii,  si  quid  mihi,  paenitet  artis, 
ga^nitet  et  vitae,  postquam  mihi  nulla  secundant 
ex  tot  sideribus  quot  sunt  in  nocte  serena.  30 

hactenus  (ut  nosti)   gratis  cantavimus ;  aetas 
indiga  paucorum  merces  fuit ;  altera  longe 
condicio  senii  quod  nunc  subit :  omnium  egenos 


86  B  APT  1ST  A  E  MANTUANI 

reddit  et  exstinctis  lucri  spem  viribus  aufert. 
mox  erit  utendum  partis,  modo  quaerere  tempus. 
en  formica,  brevis  sed  provida  bestia,  condit 
in  brumam  nova  f  arra  cavis  aestate  latebris, 
neve  renascantur  fruges  secat  ore  sepultas. 

S.  Scire  genethliacos  fatalia  sidera  dicunt. 
hi  sub  Mercuric  vates  et  sub  love  reges  40 

magnatesque  locant ;  istis  dat  luppiter  aurum 
atque  magistratus,  dat  Maiae  filius  illis 
ingenium,  linguam,  citharas  et  carminis  artem. 
haec  tua  sors;  quid  quaeris  opes?     Deus  omnia  in  omnes 
dividit,  ut  melius  nobis  videt  esse  futurum. 
sorte  tua  contentus  abi,  sine  cetera  nobis. 

C.  Sunt  tibi  divitiae,  mihi  carmina;  quid  petis  ergo 
carmen  et  invadis  partes,  Silvane,  alienas? 

S.  Non  tibi  surripio  carmen  nee  Apollinis  anna, 
sed  dare  dulcisonis  aures  concentibus  opto.  50 

C.  Si  gaudere  meis  igitur  concentibus  optas, 
nos  gaudere  tuis  opibus,  Silvane,  decorum  est. 

S.  lUe  meis  opibus  gaudet  qui  diligit ;  odit 
invidus  atque  animo  bona  fert  aliena  molesto. 

C.  Sic  quoque  tu  nostris  absens  gaudere  Camenis 
sat  potes ;  haec  artis  sat  sint  tibi  gaudia  no.strae. 
carmina  sunt  auris  convivia,  caseus  oris; 
si  cupis  auditu,  fac  nos  gaudere  palato. 
hoc  amor,  hoc  pietas,  hoc  vult  Deus ;  omnia  non  dat 
omnibus,  ut  nemo  sibi  sit  satis  indigeatque  60 

alter  ope  alterius,  quae  res  coniungit  in  unum 
omne  genus,  Gallos,  Mauros,  Italos  et  Iberos. 
sidera  iungamus :  f acito  mihi  luppiter  adsit, 
et  tibi  Mercurius  noster  dabit  omnia  faxo, 
pilleolum,  virgam,  citharas,  nodum  Herculis,  alas- 

S.  Vana  supervacuis  inculcas  plurima  verbis. 

C.  Vana  inquis  quae  damna  tuis  inferre  videntur 
divitiis.    ^si  vis  nostras  audire  Camenas, 
erue  sopitam  de  sollicitudine  mentem  ; 

vult  hilares  animos  tranquillaque  pectora  carmen.  70 

torpeo,  ut  esuriem  patiens  et  frigora  milvus, 
iamdudum  squarrosa  cutis,  situs  occupat  ora,    " 
nee  pecus  in  stabulis,  nee  in  agro  f  arra,  nee  aurum 
~  in  loculis;  et  vis  positis  me  vivere  curis? 


ECLOGA   V.  34-tis  87 

non  facit  ad  nostros  talis  medicina  dolores. 
f  ac  alacrem,  tege,  pasce,  gravi  succurre  senectae ; 
invenies  promptum  versu  et  cantare  paratum. 
[plena  domus  curas  abigit,  cellaria  plena, 
plena  penus  pknique  cadi  plenaeque  lagenae, 
horrea  plena,  greges  laeti,  gravis  aere  crumena.  80 

tunc  iuvat  hibernos  noctu  vigilare  Decembres 
ante  focum  et  cineri  ludos  inarare  bacillo, 
torrere  et  tepidis  tostas  operire  favillis 
castaneas  plenoque  sitim  restinguere  vitro 
fabellasque  inter  nentes  ridere  puellas. 
Tityrus  (ut  fama  est)  sub  Maecenate  vetusto 
rura,  boves  et  agros  et  Martia  bella  canebat 
altius  et  magno  pulsabat  sidera  cantu.  - 
eloquium  f ortuna  dabat ;  nos,  debile  vulgus, 
pannosos,  macie  affectos,  farragine  pastos  90 

Aoniae  fugiunt  Musae,  contemnit  Apollo. 
S.  Si  sperata  mihi  dederit  fortuna  quod  opto, 

Candide,  praesenti  te  sollicitudine  solvam. 

C.  O  utinam,  Silvane,  foret  tibi  tanta  voluntas 

quanta  est  hac  etiam  tibi  tempestate  facultas. 

non  ego  divitias  Cosmi,  non  Serica  posco 

pallia,  non  Tyrias  chlamydes,  non  prandia  regmn, 

non  patinam  Aesopi  f  ameo  clipeumve  Minervae ; 

nil  opus  est  regis  laribus  cui  ferrea  nomen 

tradidit  aut,  si  mens  non  fallitur,  aenea  barba  100 

(haec  me  iam  pridem  memini  didicisse  sub  Umbro) 

postulo  vestitum,  peto  victum  sub  lare  parvo 

certior  istud  opis  toti  non  def  ore  vitae ; 

sint  mihi  Pythagorae  mensae  Codrique  supellex.    ^ 

saepe  alios  qui  spem  dederint  invenimus  ore 

magnificos,  sed  re  modicos ;  tibi  fidimus  uni. 

tu  mihi  si  fueris  mendax,  praeciditur  omnis 

spes,  ut  solstitio  fiam  philomena  reverso 

mutus  et  elinguis.     suspendere  postibus  arma 

tempus  erit  clausoque  abigi  spectacula  circo.  ^       HO 

5.  Candide,  vidisti  Romam  sanctique  senatUs 

pontifices,  ubi  tot  vates,  ubi  copia  rerum 

tantarum?     facile  est  illis  ditescere  campis. 
C.  Deciperis  me  velle  putans  ditescere.     vesci 

et  lupus  omne  animal  crudis  existimat  escis  ^ 


S8  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

tuque  putas  alios  quo  tu  pede  claudere  passum. 

non  ego  ditari  cupio,  sed  vivere  parvo. 

f  ac  habeam  tenuem  sine  soUicitudine  victum ; 

hoc  contentus  earn.     Romana  palatia  vidi, 

sed  quid  Roma,  putas,  mihi  proderit?     o  Silvane,  120 

occidit  Augustus  numquam  rediturus  ab  Oreo. 

si  quid  Roma  dabit,  nugas  dabit.     accipit  aurum, 

verba  dat.     heu  Romae  nunc  sola  pecunia  reg'nat ; 

exsilium  virtus  patitur.     sperare  iubemur 

undique  et  in  toto  vates  spe  pascimur  orbe. 

*S.   Die  pugnas,  die  gesta  virum,  die  proelia  regum. 
vertere  ad  hos  qui  seeptra  tenent,  qui  regna  gubernant ; 
invenies  qui  te  de  sordibus  eruat  istis. 

C.   Inveniam  qui  me  derideat  et  subsannet. 
tempestate  ista  reverentia  tanta  poesi  130 

quanta  lupanari ;  quid  me,  Silvane,  laeessis? 

S.  Non  deeet  obseenis  vatem  prorumpere  verbis^ 

C.   Non  possum  non  vera  loqui.     si  vera  taeeri 
forte  velis,  levibus  me  paree  laeessere  dietis. 

S.  Utile  consilium  praestare  laeessere  non  est. 

C.  Consilii  loeuples  ego,  sed  pauperrimus  auri. 
qui  pugnas,  qui  gesta  virum,  qui  proelia  regum 
dicet  inops  vates  eui  nee  quo  fistula  possit 
aptius  ineidi  fierique  foramina  eulter? 

aspiee  ut  exeussis  luxata  manubria  clavis,  ,  140 

ut  dentata  aeies  veterique  simillima  serrae. 
hoc  leve,  sed  mensae  grave  et  intolerabile  damnum, 
utile  consilium  iirmat,  sed  inutile  mentem 
frangit  et  extenuat  vires  animumque  retundit.        \ 
magnates  dare  parva  pudet,  dare  magna  recusant.  | 
adde  quod  et  nostri  curant  ita  earmina  reges 
ut  frondes  Aquilo,  mare  Lil)s,  vineta  pruinae. 
ipsi  ad  delicias  reges  et  ad  otia  versi 
quod  celebrant  laudari  optant ;  liinc  earmina  manant 
perdita  de  studio  Veneris,  de  scurrilitate,  150 

de  ganea,  de  segnitie,  de  infamibus  actis 
quae  eastum  capitale  nefas  celebrare  poetam. 
'tit  qui  dura  manu  gcsserunt  bella  potenti 
fortiter  utentes  ferro,  non  molliter  auro, 
dilexere  graves  Musas ;  heroica  facta 
qui  faciunt  reges  heroica  earmina  laudant. 


EC  LOG  A   V.  J 1 6-1  go  89 

ut  cessere  viri  fortes  et  mascula  virtus, 

dicendum  altiloqui  nihil  invenere  poetae ;     --^ 

occidit  ingenium  vatum,  ruit  alta  poesis. 

at  si  forte  aliquis  regum  gerit  aspera  bella  160 

et  decus  armorum  studiis  belloque  paravit, 

nil  genus  externum  venturaque  saecula  curat 

laude  suae  gentis  satur  et  praesentibus  annis ; 

barbarus  est  neque  carmen  amat  vel  avarus  in  auro 

mergitur  atque  Midae  curis  flagrantibus  ardet. 

est  et  apud  reges  rudis,  invida,  rustica  turba,  ^ 

mimus,  adulator,  leno,  assentator,  adulter,  '  • 

histrio,  scurra,  quibus  virtus  odiosa;  poetas 

mille  modis  abigunt,  ut  quando  cadavera  corvi 

invenere,  fugant  alias  volucresque  ferasque.  170 

sunt  etiam  vates  quidam  sine  lege  petulci 

qui  sine  lege  aliti  sine  praeceptoribus  audent 

quidquid  amant  reges  (et  amant  infamia  solum) 

scribere ;  nam  vates  etiam  dementia  vexat. 

hi  se  nescio  qua  mentis  levitate  poetas       ,y 

esse  volunt.     postquam  trivialibus  ora  cicutis 

applicuere,  sibi  applaudunt,  sua  carmina  iactant 

insulsi,  illepidi,  indociles,  improvidi,  inepti. 

qui  solet  his  vacuas  praebere  ambagibus  aures 

id  vitium  commune  putat  doctisque  resistit  180 

vatibus  a  vero  indoctus  discernere  falsum. 

S.  Candide,  per  Superos,  per  Olympica  numina  iuro 
me  tibi,  si  venti  veniant  ad  vela  secundi, 
laturum  auxilium.     meliora  in  tempora  vive 
nee  paulisper  adhuc  mecum  sperare  recusa. 

C.  Si  mihi  sic  optas,  tibi  sit,  Silvane,  quod  optas. 

S.  Opto  equidem,  dictumque  fides  non  sera  sequetur.^' 

C.  Vade  malis  avibus  numquam  rediturus,  avare, 
et  facias  subito  quidquid  tractaveris  aurum 
more  Midae,  quando  virtus  tibi  vilior  auro.  190 


90  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANl 

ECLOGA  VI,  CORNIX, 

DE  DISCEPTATIONE  RUSTICORUM  ET  CIVWM. 

J 

CORNIX.  FULICA. 

C.  Ningit  hiems,  mugit  Boreas,  a  culmine  pendet 

stiria ;  depositis  bobus  requiescit  arator, 

dormit  humus;  clause  pastor  tunicatus  ovili 

cessat  iners,  sedet  ante  focum  fumosa  Neaera 

atque  polenta  coquit.     prius  intolerabilis  aestas 

nunc  laudatur,  hiems  aestu  laudata  molesto 

displicet ;  optatum  damnat  praesentia  f  rigus. 

F.  Omne  bonum  praesens  minus  est ;  sperata  videntur 

magna,  velut  maius  reddit  distantia  lumen. 

C.  Delicias  habet  omne  suas  et  gaudia  tempus.  10 

aspice  ut  impexi  tritaque  in  veste  ligati 

caede  suum  pueri  exsultant.     inflatur  in  utrem 

immissis  vesica  f  abis  ;  sonat  et  micat  acta 

nunc  pede,  nunc  cubito,  stricto  nunc  obvia  pugno. 

si  cadit,  attollunt ;  cursu  labor  atque  recursu 

brumam  abigit ;  glaciale  gelu  pila  rustica  vincit. 

nos  tamen  hie  melius  tepido  sub  stramine  f  oti 
transigimus  tempus,  dum  lac  coit  igne  recoctum. 
"^F.  Pauperiem  declarat  hiems.     improvida  certe 
turba  sumus  iuvenes ;  securi  aestate  vagamur  20 

immemores  hiemis,  nostrum  aes  tibicinis  omne  est; 
ut  redit  e  Scythia  Boreas  nidosque  volucrum 
frondibus  ostendit  nudata  cadentibus  arbor, 
frigemus  nudi  scapulas,  dorsum,  ilia,  plantas. 
stultitiam  declarat  hiems./    sapientius  urbes 
congeriem  nummum  accumulant  et  ad  ilia  vulpes 
melotasque  trahunt  maculosaque  tergora  lyncis. 
C.   Desipiunt  omnes  nee  nos  in  crimine  soli, 
immo  ipsos  vexat  gravior  dementia  cives, 
verum  illis  mater  nobis  Fortuna  noverca  30 

nos  premit.     infelix  sors  est  dementia,     fac  sim 
fortunatus,  ero  locuples,  ero  primus  in  urbe, 
audiar,  assurgent  omnes,  me  vertice  nudo 


EC  LOG  A   VI.  1-74  91 

vulgus  adorabit,  me  plebs,  me  consulet  omnis 
turba,  magistratus  etiam  populusque  patresque. 

F.  O  Comix,  Cornix,  non  est  Fortuna  sed  ipse 
quo  sapiunt  homines  animus.     Fortuna  potentem 
non  facit,  immo  Deus;  causam  recitabat  Amyntas. 

C.  Est  Fortuna  Deus.     sed  quid  recitarit  Amyntas 
die,  precor ;  in  causis  erat  ingeniosus  et  acer.  40 

ante  tamen  paulum  pecus  et  praesepia  vise, 
vade,  redi;  calor  est  post  frigora  dulcior;  ito. 

F.  Attingit  nix  alta  genu,  vix  tecta  resistunt 
tanto  oneri ;  sublimis  apex  in  vertice  f urni 
pyramidem  fecit  metaque  assurgit  acuta. 

C.  Da  pecori  cordum  stipulisque  foramina  claude. 
si  paries  hiat,  et  rediens  laetamine  muni 
limina ;  nulla  gregi  gravior  quam  frigora  pestis. 
iamne  ades?     oh  quaenam  haec  solito  properantia  maior? 

F.  Sollicitum  me  reddit  hiems ;  in  frigore  et  igni  50 

maxima  strenuitas ;  f  aeno  recubare  calenti 
abscondique  cavo  accubitu  post  frigora  dulce  est. 
C.  Incipe,  et  enarra  discrimina  ruris  et  urbis. 
F.  Hoc  igitur  tantum  ruris  discrimen  et  urbis 

taliter  exortum  noster  recitabat  Amyntas. 
Principio  rerum  primaque  ab  origine  mundi 

cum  muliere  marem  sociali  f  oedere  iungens 

caeli  Opifex  (sic  namque  Deum  appellabat  Amyntas; 

nomen  adhuc  teneo)   natos  producere  iussit 

atque  modum  docuit  fieri  quo  pignora  possent.  60 

accinxere  operi,  mandata  fideliter  implent ; 

sicque  utinam  de  pomi  esu  servata  fuissent. 

femina  fit  mater,  puerum  parit  atque  puellam, 

atque  puerperio  simili  fecunda  quotannis 

auxit  in  immensum  generis  primordia  nostri. 

post  tria  lustra  Deus  rediit.     dum  pignora  pectit 

femina  prospiciens  venientem  a  limine  vidit. 

Adam  aberat,  securus  oves  pascebat ;  adulter  ^ 

nullus  adhuc  suspectus  erat;  sed  multiplicatis 

conubiis  fraudata  fides,  sine  cornibus  hirci  70 

facti,  et  zelotypo  coniunx  suspecta  marito. 

nam  quae  quisque  facit  fieri  sibi  furta  veretur. 

erubuit  mater  nimiaeque  libidinis  ingens 

indicium  rata  tot  natos  abscondere  quosdam 


92  B  APT  I  ST  A  E  MANTUANI 

accelerat ;  f  aeno  sepelit  paleisque  recondit. 

iamque  lares  Deus  ingressus  salvere  penates 

iussit  et  *  hue,'  dixit,  '  mulier,  tua  pignora  profer.' 

femina  maiores  natu  procedere  mandat. 

his  Deus  arrisit,  velut  arridere  solemus 

exiguis  avium  puUis  parvisve  catellis.  80 

et  primo  laetatus  ait,  '  cape  regia  sceptra ; 

rex  eris.'     at  ferrum  et  belli  dedit  arma  secundo 

et  '  dux,'  inquit,  '  eris,'     fasces  populique  secures 

protulit  et  vites  et  pila  insignia  Romae. 

iamque  magistratus  celebres  partitus  in  omnem 

progeniem  humanos  tacitus  volvebat  honores. 

interea  mater  rebus  gavisa  secundis 

evolat  ad  caulas  et  quos  absconderat  ultro 

protulit  '  haec,'  dicens,  '  nostri  quoque  pignora  ventris ; 

hos  aliquo.  Pater  omnipotens,  dignabere  dono.'  90 

setosum  albebat  paleis  caput,  haeserat  armis 

stramen  et  antiquis  quae  pendet  aranea  tectis. 

non  arrisit  eis,  sed  tristi  turbidus  ore 

*  vos  f  aenum,  terram  et  stipulas,'  Deus  inquit,  '  oletis. 

vester  erit  stimulus,  vester  ligo,  pastina  vestra ; 

vester  erit  vomer,  iuga  vestra,  agrestia  vestra 

omnia;  aratores  eritis  pecorumque  magistri, 

faenisecae,  solifossores,  nautae  atque  bubulci. 

sed  tamen  ex  vobis  quosdam  donabimus  urbe 

qui  sint  fartores,  lanii,  lixae  artocopique  100 

et  genus  hoc  alii  soliti  sordescere.     semper 

sudate  et  to  to  servite  prioribus  aevo.' 

taliter  Omnipotens  fatus  repetivit  01>Tnpum. 

Sic  factum  est  servile  genus,  sic  ruris  et  urbis 
inductum  discrimen  ait  Mantous  Amyntas. 

C.  Mirabar  si  quid  recti  dixisset  Amyntas. 
civis  erat ;  semper  nobis  urbana  inventus 
cui  nihil  est  praeter  stulta  haec  commenta  negoti 
ludit ;  in  agrestes  semper  iaculantur,  et  urbis 
talia  garrulitas  et  vaniloquentia  fingit.  110 

at  neque  de  Superis  pudet  has  componere  nugas. 
iste  iocus  manifesta  gerit  convicia  secum, 
sed  tu  tam  rudis  es,  tam  pleno  inflatus  omaso, 
ut  neque  perpendas  isto  te  scommate  carpi, 
nos  quoque  paulisper  mentem  extendamus  ad  urbis 


EC  LOG  A   II.  75-156  93 

stultitiam,  ne  forte  putes  sapientius  illos 
vivere  qui  splendent  auro,  qui  murice  fulgent. 

His  oculis  vidi  tunicis  plerosque  superbis 
vestiri  atque  foro  regali  incedere  gressu 
quos  secreta  fames  premit  atque  domestica  egestas.  120 

stultius  his  certe  nihil  est ;  opulentia  ficta, 
paupertas  et  segnities  et  inertia  vitae 
vera,  quid  est  aliud  quam  desipientia  vera? 
vidi  etiam  patres  (o  rem  indignam  atque  nefandam) 
dum  segnes  dormire  volunt  et  vivere  laute, 
prostituisse  suas  vulgo  cum  coniuge  natas ; 
quid  peius?     quid  perfidius?     quid  stultius  umquam? 

F.  Quid  si  vitam  alio  nequeunt  traducere  pacto? 

C.   Cum  totidem  quot  nos  habeant  animasque  manusque, 
die  cur  vitam  alio  nequeant  traducere  pacto.  130 

Est  etiam  cuius  vecors  industria  vanas 
quaerat  opes,  ubi  nullus  opes  invenit  ab  aevo : 
aes  lavat  herbarum  sucis  et  vertere  in  aurum 
aestimat  ac  nigra  semper  fuligine  pallet, 
est  qui,  dum  tellure  latens  desiderat  aurum, 
dat  magicis  operam  studiis  et  tempora  perdit ; 
quid  levius?     quid  futilius?     quid  inanius  umquam? 
omnia,  ne  veniant  ad  opus  telluris  et  agri, 
omnia  pertemptant ;  ut  agant  nihil,  omnia  versant. 
semper  agunt,  numquam  peragunt.     ex  faenore  victum     140 
inf  amem  extorquent ;  vi,  f  raude  dolisque  laborant. 
mille  viis  opibus,  mille  insidiantur  honori. 
nos  capras  et  oves  armentaque  pascimus,  illi 
accipitres,  catulos  et  equos  et  cercopithecos. 
rusticus  est  ovium  pastor,  volucrumque  canumque 
civis ;  utrum  melius,  te  iudice,  nobiliusque, 
0  Fulica,  utilitas  unde  et  opulentia  maior  ? 

F.  Si  venit  ex  nostris  operis  opulentia  maior, 
civibus  unde  igitur  tantarum  copia  rerum? 

C.  Ex  vi,  f  raude,  dolis ;  vi,  f  rautie  dolisque  laborant.     150 
nonne  vides,  insane,  ut  nos  crudeliter  urgent, 
quo  capiunt  astu?     nos  irretire  loquendo 
sacrum  offerre  putant  et  opus  sublime  piumque. 
hue  aures  oculosque  adigunt,  hue  ora  manusque. 

F.  Unde  urbanarum  tibi  tanta  peritia  rerum? 

C.  Haec  didici  quondam  ductis  in  moenia  capris, 


94  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

cum  lac  vociferans  ibam  venale  per  urbem. 

mansi  apud  artocopum.     sapiens  et  ad  omnia  promptus 

furta  erat  et  crudum  ferro  subradere  panem. 

ipse,  ut  erat  mores  urbis  doctissimus,  ista  160 

tradidit  affirmans  nihil  esse  nocentius  urbe ; 

se  quoque  furari  didicisse  aiebat  ab  urbe. 

Sunt  etiam  qui  parta  ab  avis  patrimonia  fundunt 
in  meretricum  usus ;  quid  f oedius  improbiusque  ? 
die,  ubi  moechandi  ars,  homicidia,  seditiones? 
nonne  inter  cives  atque  intra  moenia  regnant  ? 
quid  reges  qui  regna  hominum  per  vulnera  quaerunt 
in  mortemque  suos  adigunt?     quid  pectora  miles 
obiciens  telis,  per  mille  pericula  vadens? 
pro  stipe  dat  vitam;  nulla  est  insania  maior.  170 

gloria  praefertur  vitae;  quid  gloria?  quid  laus? 
quid  fama  est?    quid  honor?    voces  et  opinio  vulgi. 
omnia  longa  dies  abolet ;  cum  vivere  cessas, 
omnia  sic  abeunt,  ut  lux  cum  sole  recedit. 
qui  mare  sollicitant  remis,  cum  vivere  possint 
in  patria,  stulti ;  vento  qui  credit  et  undis, 
stultus ;  divitiae  cui  sunt  et  neglegit  uti, 
stultus ;  qui,  ut  natis  cumulet  patrimonia,  partis 
abstinet  et  genium  fraudat,  stultissimus,  et  qui 
quae  facere  ipse  potest  natis  faciunda  relinquit.  180 

qui  numerant  Stellas  et  se  comprendere  fata 
posse  putant,  stulti ;  verum  dementior  istis 
naturam  quicumque  Dei  scrutatur  et  audet 
figere  in  immensam  lumen  tam  debile  lucem. 
nostra  fides  melior.     civis  ratione  coactus 
difficile  assentit ;  nudis  nos  omnia  verbis 
credimus  et  plures  faculas  accendimus  aris. 
civibus  est  infida  fides ;  inquirere  numquam 
mente  sinunt  arcana  Dei.     si  numina  scire 
esset  opus,  poterant  nobis  se  ostendere;  verum,  190 

quando  latere  volunt,  quid  vestigare  necesse  est 
quae  nos  scire  negant  ipsi  qui  cuncta  gubernant  ? 
nostra  etiam  pietas  pietate  potentior  urbis. 
namque  viri  qui  sacra  canunt  templisque  ministrant 
quanta  legunt  ruri  paucis  alimenta  diebus? 
vidi  ego  quaesitas  ex  rure  in  moenia  plenis 
puppibus  inferri  (pietas  ea  rustica)  fruges. 


ECLOGA   VI.  T57-23S  95 

stultorum  est  aliud  genus  immedicabile  quoddam, 

causidici  latratores  rabulaeque  forenses 

nummorum  aucupium  docti  legumque  tyranni.  200 

aere  patrocinium  vendunt ;  producere  causas 

et  lites  pendere  diu  vindemia  quaedam  est. 

sunt  et  equestre  genus  medici  qui  tangere  venas 

non  numquam  illicitas  audent  et  ponere  quaedam 

non  intellectis  temeraria  nomina  morbis. 

his,  etsi  tenebras  palpant,  est  facta  potestas 

excruciandi  aegros  hominesque  impune  necandi. 

qui  vero  in  populis  praesunt  hominesque  gubernant 

quo  plus  iuris  habent  quantoque  licentia  maior 

insanire  solent  tanto  amplius.     0  ubi  sancti  210 

rectores  et  iustitiae  et  pietatis  amici 

quos  patres  sero  ante  focum  memorare  solebant? 

omnia  nunc  abeunt  pessum.     spoliata  queruntur 

templa,  gemunt  inopes,  viduae  lacrimantur,  et  huius 

quaenam  causa  mali?     quia  stat  pro  lege  libido. 

F.  Ista  tua,  o  Cornix,  excandescentia  fines 
transit  honestatis ;  scelus  omnibus  obicis  omne. 
innocuos  habitare  homines  et  in  urbe  memento. 

C.  Non  habitant  colubri  quaedam  Balearibus  arva 
proxima  (non  memini  nomen)  neque  noctua  Cretam,        220 
nee  nemus  Egeriae  sonipes,  nee  vir  bonus  urbem. 

F.  Vir  bonus  est  animal  rarum  paucasque  per  urbes 
et  per  rura  locos  habet ;  est  rarissima  virtus. 

C.  Insanis,  Fulica,  insanis ;  tot  in  urbibus  hostes 
sunt  tibi  quot  cives.     hi  nos  tondentque  pilantque 
non  habita  nostri  capitis  ratione ;  coartant 
nos  ad  furta,  ipsi  mox  ad  suspendia  mittunt. 
fas  igitur,  si  quid  nostris  sese  unguibus  offert, 
radere  et  insidiis  ac  nostra  indagine  captos 
deplumare  levi  tactu  sensim  et  pedepressim.  230 

si  videt,  excusa ;  si  sunt  secreta,  negato 
furta ;  quod  occultum  est  non  est  iniuria  f urtum. 
quidquid  habent  noster  labor  est,  industria  nostra  est. 

F.   lam  longe  egrederis  metam  rationis  et  aequi. 

C.  O  Fulica,  improbitas  urbana  coinquinat  orbem. 
unde  tot  in  terras  veniunt  aestate  procellae, 
fulmina,  venti,  amnes,  grando?     vidisse  recordor 
tellurem  tremere  ac  postes  et  tecta  labare, 


96  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

solem  obscurari.  noctu  obtenebrescere  lunam. 

cur  segeti  lolium,  messi  dominantur  avenae,  240 

uva  in  capreolos  transit,  caligine  verni 

depereunt  flores?     mala  parturit  omnia  nobis 

haec  civile  nefas,  pariet  quoque  plura  deinceps. 

unde  venit  furor  armorum  bellique  tumultus 

qui  genus  omne  mali  secum  vehit?     omnibus  urbs  est 

fons  et  origo  malis.     descendit  ab  urbe  Lycaon, 

Deucalion  Pyrrha  cum  coniuge  rusticus.     ille 

intulit  illuviem  terris,  hie  abstulit ;     ille 

abstulit  humanum  terris  genus,  intulit  iste. 

si  terra  (ut  perhibent)  flammis  abolebitur  umquam,  250 

istud  grande  nefas  ulla  descendet  ab  urbe. 

F.  O  Cornix,  iam  pone  modum  sermonibus  istis ; 
audio  iamdudum  pueros  de  pulte  loquentes. 
cetera,  si  quicquam  superest,  post  prandia  dices ; 
pulti  indulgendum  monet  urbibus  hora  relictis. 


EC  LOG  A   VI.  23g—VII.  33  97 


ECLOGA  VII,  POLLUX, 

DE  CONVERSIONE  lUVENUM  AD  RELIGIONEM,  CUM 
I  AM  AUCTOR   AD  RELIGIONEM  ASPIRARET. 

ALPHUS.  GALBULA. 

A.   Galbula,  quid  sentis?     Pollux  doctissimus  olim 
fistulicen  subito  quodam  quasi  numine  tactus 
destituit  calamos,  tunicas,  armenta,  sodales; 
bardocucullatus  caput  ut  campestris  alauda 
quattuor  ante  dies  in  religiosa  recessit 
claustra.     f  erunt  ilium,  pecudes  dum  solus  in  agris  . 
pasceret,  effigiem  quandam  vidisse  deorum. 
cetera  non  memini,  sed  tu  quid,  Galbula,  sentis? 

G.  Ut  dixere  patres,  iaciens  primordia  reriun 
(magna  canam  nobis  quae  quondam  tradidit  Umber)  10 

instituit  Deus  agricolas  pecorisque  magistros. 
primus  agri  cultor  rudis,  immansuetus  et  asper 
qualis  humus  segnis,  lapidosa,  rebellis  aratro. 
ast  ovium  primus  pastor,  mitissima  proles, 
instar  ovis  quae  bile  caret,  quae  lacte  redundat, 
mitis  erat,  nullis  umquam  pastoribus  asper. 
de  grege  saepe  suo  sacrum  ponebat  ad  aras; 
nunc  ove,  nunc  pingui  vitulo  faciebat,  et  agno 
saepius,  et  magno  divos  ambibat  honore. 
sic  profecit  apud  Superos,  sic  numina  flexit,  20 

ut  fuerit  primo  mundi  nascentis  ab  ortu 
tempus  ad  hoc  caelo  pecoris  gratissima  cura. 
Assyrios  quosdam  (sed  nescio  nomina;  curae 
diminuunt  animum)  Deus  ex  pastoribus  olim 
constituit  reges  qui  postea  murice  et  auro 
conspicui  gentes  bello  domuere  superbas. 
cum  Paris  Iliaca  tria  numina  vidit  in  Ida 
(aut  Paris  aut  alius  puerum  qui  obtruncat  ad  aram) 
pastor  erat.     quando  caelesti  exterritus  igne 
venit  ad  ostentum  pedibus  per  pascua  nudis,  30 

pastor  erat  Moses,  Moses  a  fiiunine  tractus. 
exul  apud  Graios  Amphrysia  pastor  Apollo 
rura  peragravit  posito  deitatis  honore. 


98  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

caelestes  animi  Christo  ad  praesepia  nato 

in  caulis  cecinere  Deum  pastoribus  ortum, 

et  nova  divini  partus  miracula  docti 

pastores  primi  natum  videre  Tonantem, 

et  sua  pastores  infans  Regnator  Olympi 

ante  magos  regesque  dedit  cunabula  scire. 

se  quoque  pastorem  Deus  appellavit,  ovesque  40 

mitibus  ingeniis  homines  et  mentibus  aequis. 

et,  ne  vana  putes  haec  somnia,  nuper  ab  urbe 

rus  veniens  picto  perlegi  haec  omnia  templo. 

sunt  pecudes  pictae,  parvi  sub  matribus  agni 

in  tellure  cubant,  ingens  equitatus  ab  alto 

monte  venit,  radiant  auro  diademata  divum 

et  suspensa  tenent  vaga  lumina  praetereuntum. 

non  igitur  mirum  noster  si  numina  Pollux 

vidit ;  amant  villas  et  oves  et  ovilia  divi. 

simplicibus  praesens  Deus  est,  offenditur  astu.  50 

A.  Vera  refers,     pecori  sic  sint  innoxia  nostro 
pascua.  vidi  asinum,  vidi  praesepe  bovemque. 
iam  memini  turbae  venientis,  et  ora  videre 
Tndica  iam  videor  regum  sua  dona  ferentum. 
unum  oro,  quaenam  Polluci  occurrit  imago? 
Galbula,  si  nosti,  ne  sit  labor  omnia  fari. 

G.  Et  novi  et  memorare  libet ;  res  digna  relatu, 
res  digna  auditu,  pia,  sancta,  imitabile  factum. 

Durus  et  immitis  pater  atque  superba  noverca 
Pollucem  graviore  iugo  pressere  iuventae  60 

tempore  cum  dulces  animos  nova  suggerit  aetas ; 
et  cum  iam  invalidae  longo  sub  pondere  vires 
deficerent  nuUaque  odium  mansuesceret  arte, 
constituit  temptare  fugam.     res  una  volentem 
ire  diu  tenuit :  nimis  impatienter  amabat ; 
error  enim  communis  amor  iuvenilibus  annis. 
res  est  f  ortis  amor,  violentia  f  ortior ;  ivit. 
et  tales  abiens  (mihi  namque  solebat  amores 
enarrare  suos)  maesto  dedit  ore  querellas: 

'  O  virgo.  lacrimaene  tuis  solventur  ocellis  70 

cum  te  tam  caro  cernes  ab  amante  relictam? 
ullane  discessu  duces  suspiria  nostro? 
tune  mei  crudelis  eris  forte  immemor  umquam? 
usqueadeone  tuum  poterit  frigescere  pectus, 


EC  LOG  A   VIL  34-115  99 

pectus  quod  totiens  quod  lumina  fletibus  implet? 

tune  trahes  crebros  gemitus  et  pallida  fies? 

cerno  oculos,  cerno  lacrimas,  cerno  anxia  corda 

virginis.     heu  tantum  qua  dissimulare  dolorem 

fas  erit  arte?     dolor  duplex  mea  pectora  torquet, 

illius  atque  meus.     sed  fas  mihi  flere,  quod  illi  80 

non  licet ;  occultus  longe  magis  aestuat  ignis. 

incolumem  mihi  vos,  divi,  servabitis  illam, 

ut,  quando  exsilio  repetam  mea  rura  peracto, 

fiat  amor  felix  saltem  semel  ante  senectam.' 

Talia  pergebat  memorans,  voluitque  reverti 
(tantus  amor  iuvenem,  vis  tanta  furoris  agebat) 
sed  iam  iacta  fuga  cunctis  erat  alea  nota. 
fronde  sub  Herculea  fessus  maerore  sedebat; 
ecce  puellari  virgo  stipata  corona 

ora,  manus,  oculos  habitumque  simillima  Nymphae,  90 

et  tali  aff ata  est  puerum  sermone  dolentem : 

'  Care  puer,  quo  tendis  iter  ?     vestigia  verte. 
nescis,  heu  nescis  quo  te  via  ducat  et  audes 
ignotis  err  are  locis  nihil  insidiarum 
per  campos  ratus  herbosos,  nihil  esse  pericli. 
omnia  tuta  putas  et  quod  placet  utile  credis 
more  iuventutis  stolidae.     collectus  in  orbem 
saepe  latet  molli  coluber  sub  graminis  umbra ; 
est  facile  incautos  offendere.     parvulus  infans 
innocuos  rutilum  digitos  extendit  in  ignem  100 

nee  nisi  iam  laesus  vires  intellegit  ignis, 
haec  regio  intrantes  aditu  consuevit  amoeno 
fallere,  delicias  offert  et  gaudia;  verum 
ingressis,  cum  triste  nihil  superesse  putatur, 
mille  parat  laqueos  et  mille  pericula  profert. 
trames  hie,  ut  collem  gressu  superaveris  ilium, 
ducit  in  umbrosam  silvam,  crudele  ferarum 
hospitiuni,  loca  taetra  situ  et  caligine  opaca. 
quisquis  eo  deceptus  abit  remeare  vetatur, 
et  piceis  primum  velatur  lumina  vittis,  110 

deinde  per  omne  nemus,  dumeta  per  aspera  tractus 
transit  in  effigiem  monstri.     dum  volvere  linguam 
atque  loqui  temptat,  mugit;  dum  attollere  sese 
credit,  humi  graditur  quadrupes  neque  suspicit  astra. 
ima  tenebrosae  vallis  lacus  aequore  nigro 


100  BAPTIST AE  MANTUANI 

occupat  et  nigris  mons  plurimus  imminet  undis. 

hue  tracti  in  Stygios  latices  altumque  barathrum 

praecipites  dantur  rapidaque  voragine  mersi 

in  Styga  et  aeternas  Erebi  rapiuntur  in  umbras. 

heu  quot  pastores  istis  ambagibus  acti  120 

cum  gregibus  periere  suis !     ego  sedula  semper 

monstro  iter ;  hie  ad  opem  vigilo  indef  essa  f  erendam. 

tolle  moras  igitur,  mortis  fuge  blanda  propinquae 

atria;  secreti  tutam  pete  littoris  oram 

qua  contra  Idalios  fluctus  mihi  tollit  in  altum 

aera  Carmelus  viridi  caput  arbore  einctum. 

primus  hie  antiquis  patribus  spelaea  domosque 

praebuit  arboreas  intra  nemus  ilice  densum. 

ex  hoe  in  vestros  deducta  cacumine  montes 

religio  venit,  sicut  de  fonte  perenni  130 

flumina,  et  ex  uno  multi  genitore  nepotes. 

illius  in  silvis  abies  ubi  plurima  surgit, 

pinguis  ubi  piceae  sudat  liber  et  terebinthi, 

innocuum  postquam  f  eliciter  egeris  aevum, 

mox  tua  mutatis  aetas  renovabitur  annis. 

in  loca  te  tollam  meliora  virentia  semper ; 

immortalis  eris  divum  comes,  ire  per  astra 

inter  Hamadryades  et  Oreadas  atque  Napaeas 

flore  coronatas  caput  et  redolentibus  herbis 

fas  erit  ac  super  et  subter  cognoscere  caelos.'  140 

Sic  effata  leves  virgo  discessit  in  auras, 
tum  sua  iuravit  Pollux  mutata  repente 
pectora  et  extemplo  victum  exspirasse  furorem 
non  aliter  quam  flamma  cadet,  si  ardentibus  agris 
effluat  et  totas  praeceps  Padus  evomat  undas. 
sic  abiit  crudelis  Amor  qui  saepe  pharetram 
in  iuvenem,  dum  principiis  obstaret  amandi, 
dum  tepet  ac  timide  insanit,  consumpserat  omnem. 
sic  igitur  Pollux  in  claustra  silentia  venit. 

A.  Sunt  quibus  aspirent  etiam  nolentibus  ultro,  150 

sunt  quibus  infensi  sine  causa  et  crimine  di  sint. 

G.  Quod  nos  in  pecudes,  in  nos  id  iuris  habent  di ; 
hoc  rus  scire  sat  est,  sapiant  sublimius  urbes. 
sic  docuit  rediens  aliquando  ex  urbe  sacerdos 
Tannus  et  in  magno  dixit  sibi  codice  lectum. 

A.  Sol  cadit  et  Baldi  vix  summa  cacumina  tangit ; 


EC  LOG  A   VII.  ji6-i6i  IQI 

nos  quoque  iam  sero  cum  sole  recedere  tempus. 

Galbula,  sarcinulas  ne  sit  tibi  ferre  molestum, 

pera  levis,  levis  est  et  cantharus ;  omnia  parvus 

ferre  labor  sero,  grave  mane  sed  utile  pondus.  160 

ipse  pecus  ducam,  mihi  pars  erit  ista  laboris. 


102  B  APT  I  ST  A  E  MANTUANl 

ECLOGA  VIII,  RELIGIO, 

DE  RUSTICORUM  RELIGION E. 

CANDIDUS.  ALPHUS. 

C.  Horrida  solstitio  tellus  sitit,  Alphe,  reverse ; 
ad  solitos  montes,  ubi  ros  in  gramme  et  aestas 
rnitior,  haec  armenta  monet  deducere  tempus. 

A.  Aerios  montes  et  simima  cacumina  longe 
prospicio;  quid  sint  montes  (tibi  vera  fatebor) 
nescio,  semper  enim  campestria  rura  lacusque 
incolui.     montanus  ager  qua  fruge  redundat? 

C.  O  rude  et  illepidum  ingenium.     prope  flmnina  semper 
versatus  fulicae  in  morem  limosa  per  arva, 
sunt  ubi  ranarum,  culicum,  pulicum  cimicumque  10 

lustra,  inter  salices,  ulvas  viridesque  papyros, 
irridere  audes  et  nauci  pendere  montes. 
unde  fluunt  amnes?     templis  ubi  tanta  locandis 
marmora  caeduntur?     fulgens  ubi  nascitur  aurum? 
quae  parit  antemnas  tellus?     medicamen  ab  herbis, 
die,  quibus  est  nisi  montanis?     de  vertice  Baldi 
saepe  melampodion  legi;  medicina  capellis 
nulla  magis  praesens.     quondam  Valsasinus  Aegon 
tradidit  hoc,  dum  vere  sues  castraret  et  agnos; 
tradidit  et  dixit,  '  solus  medicamen  habeto.'  20 

die,  ubi  castaneae  plures?     ubi  copia  maior 
glandis?     in  excelsis  fontes  et  pascua  vidi 
montibus,  artocreas  et  pingue  polenta  comedi. 
sunt  populi  fortes  illic.     robusta  inventus 
lata  pedes,  callosa  umeros,  nervosa  lacertos, 
hispida,  dura  manus,  moli  indefessa  ferendae 
vallibus  ex  illis,  onera  ut  navalia  curet, 
confluit  hue.    nullum  est  hominum  genus  aptius  urbi, 
sive  velis  castrare  peeus,  seu  seindere  fagos, 
sive  fimum  ferri  e  stabulis,  haurire  cloacas  30 

latrinasque  curare  viamque  aperire  coactis 
sordibus  et  sealis  puteos  descendere  in  altos ; 
ingenio  eallent  et  duro  robore  poUent. 


EC  LOG  A   VIII.  1-74  103 

sed  quid  opus  multis  ?     subeunt  opus  omne  :  popinis 

inservire,  focos  lignis  cumulare  veruque 

artilici  versare  manu,  dare  libera  fumo 

spiramenta,  bourn  ventres  ad  flumina  ferre, 

verrere  humum  immundam  scopis  doctissima  gens  est; 

quodque  magis  miror,  semper  sub  pondere  currunt. 

cotibus  in  duris  oriuntur  et  ardua  vivunt  40 

per  iuga ;  cum  capreis  habitant  spelaea  f erarum. 

adde  quod  in  caelum  brevis  est  e  montibus  altis 

transitus ;  erectum  caput  usque  ad  nubila  toUunt. 

nubila  transcendunt  aliqui,  puto  sidera  tangant. 

esse  locum  memorant,  ubi  surgit  ab  aequore  Titan, 

qui   (nisi  dedidici)   contingit  vertice  lunam, 

et  vixisse  illic  hominem,  sed  postea  abactum 

improbitate  gulae,  quod  scilicet  omnia  poma 

manderet  et  magno  servaret  nulla  Tonanti. 

hinc  divi  sanctique  patres  in  montibus  altis  50 

delegere  domos  tacitas ;  Carthusia  testis, 

Carmelus,  Garganus,  Athos,  Laureta,  Laverna 

et  Sina  et  Soractis  apex  Umbrosaque  Vallis 

et  iuga  Nursini  fato  senis  incluta  et  altis 

abietibus  turrita  caput  Camaldula  sanctum. 

cetera  praetereo,  nee  enim  sermonibus  istis 

omnia  complecti  statuo.     montana  frequentant 

culmina  caelicolae,  sed  anas  et  mergus  et  anser, 

ibis,  onocrotalus,  milvi  fulicaeque  paludes, 

A.  Inter  montanae  tantos  regionis  honores  60 

cur  de  messe  nihil,  nihil  est  de  palmite  dictum? 
haec  tamen  humanae  duo  sustentacula  vitae 
maxima,     monticolae  veniunt  e  rupibus  ad  nos 
hordea  mercatum  torvi,  fuligine  tincti, 
saetosi,  macie  affecti,  laceri  ac  situosi ; 
indigenae  ostendunt  quae  sit  natura  locorum. 
sed  quod  montanis  de  religionibus  inquis      ^ 
rettulit  in  mentem  quae  de  Polluce  feruntur/ 
quae  dea,  si  nosti,  visa  est,  quae,  Candide,  Nympha? 
die,  age,  nam  coeptum  certamen  inutile  nobis;  70 

utilior  sermo  de  religione  tenendus. 

C.  Galbula  qui  solitus  pecudes  in  pascua  tecum 
ducere  te  satis  hoc  potuit  docuisse  quod  optas. 

A.  Plura  quidem  Polluce  super  narrata,  sed  ipsam 


104  BAPTIST AE  MANTUANI 

nee  docuit  Nympham  nee  me  quaesisse  recordor. 
nune  subiit  mentem,  cum  religionis  oborta  est 

mentio,  et  illarum  visa  est  mihi  maxima  laudum. 
C.  Non  erat  ilia  Dryas  neque  Libethris  nee  Oreas ; 

venerat  e  caelo  Supermii  Regina,  Tonantis 

Mater,  anhelanti  pacem  latura  iuventae.  80 

huie  Tethys,  huie  alma  Ceres  famulantur,  et  ipse 

Aeolus  aequoreis  ventos  qui  frenat  in  antris. 

hane  Deus  astrorum  flammas  super  atque  volantes 

Solis  equos,  supra  fulgentem  Cassiopeiam 

extulit  et  sacram  bis  seno  sidere  frontem 

cinxit  et  adiecit  subter  vestigia  lunam. 

A.   Candide,  mira  eanis  nullis  pastoribus  umquam 

cognita.     quid  Tethys?     quid  fulgens  Cassiopeia? 

Aeolus  aequoreis  ventos  quis  frenat  in  antris? 

qui  sunt  Solis  equi?     magna  atque  ignota  reeenses.  90 

C.  Sidera  sunt  partim,  partim  sunt  numina  prisea. 

omnia  quae  Pollux  mihi  cum  narrasset,  in  aedem 

duxit  et  '  ista  sacer  paries,'  ait,  '  omnia  monstrat.' 

pictus  erat  paries  signis  et  imagine  multa. 

omnia  non  memini  (mens  est  mihi  debilis)  ista 

vix  tenui  dum  saepe  animo  volvo  atque  reVolvo ; 

saepe  recordari  medicamine  fortius  omni. 

ista  potest  nigro  depellere  nubila  caelo, 

ista  potest  siccis  fluvios  dare  frugibus  imbres. 

cum  volet,  ista  novos  duris  emittere  campis,  100 

cum  volet,  emissos  poterit  restringere  fontes. 

qui  modo  sunt  steriles  et  nudi  gramine  campi, 

si  volet,  in  pingues  poterit  convertere  glaebas. 

frigida  Saturni  cum  sidera  suscipit  atro 

Scorpius  hospitio,  non  auferet  hordea  grando 

nee  domus  ardebit  (nam  tune  haee  omnia  caelum 

dieitur  iratis  in  terram  effundere  ab  astris) 

si  volet,  haee  nobis  custodiet  omnia  virgo. 

si  favet  haee  nobis,  complebunt  horrea  messes 

adicietque  gregi  semper  f etura  gemellos.  1 1  o 

si  pecus  infelix  erit  et  sine  vellere,  solo 

ipsa  potest  nutu  dare  lac,  dare  vellera  et  agnos 

et  curare  greges  omnemque  avertere  morbum. 

nil  opus  est  modo  Pana  sequi  neque  cetera  ruris 

numina  quae  veteres  frustra  coluisse  feruntur. 


ECLOGA  VIIL  75-156  105 

vidi  ego  circum  aram  Nymphae  pendere  capellas, 
plaustra,  boves  et  oves.     hie  lanni  vidimus  hircum 
et  memini  inscriptam  versu  hoc  legisse  tabellam : 

VOTUM  PRO  SALVO  IanNUS  BREVE  REDDIDIT  HIRCO. 

Dumque  ea  perlegerem,  Pollux  haec  carmina  supplex      120 
ante  aram  genibus  positis  in  marmore  dixit: 

'  O  Dea,  quae  servas  urbes  et  rura,  precamur 
ne  Padus  exundet  nee  strix  nocturna  per  umbras 
hauriat  infantes  nee  eant  per  eompita  larvae. 
Diva,  f  ave  agrieolis ;  talpas  oceide  malignam 
aggeribus  pestem ;  gelidis  sata  laeta  pruinis, 
quando  bruma  venit,  eonspergere,  Diva,  memento, 
ne  tineae  erodent  anno  frumenta  sequenti. 
a  Boreae  flatu  pingues  def ende  mariseas, 
a  gruis  ore  fabas  et  ab  ansere  farra  palustri,  130 

a  serpente  boves,  a  vulpe  et  fure  cohortem, 
a  brueho  erucas,  a  bruma  et  grandine  vites, 
a  vi  et  fraude  lupi  peeus,  a  robigine  fruges, 
a  rabie  eatulos,  a  flamma  et  fulmine  villas, 
a  murum  insidiis  petasonem,  a  milite  pernas, 
a  campe  et  pigris — pigris  '   (heu  eetera  neseit 
mens  oblita  sequi.     numerus  me  in  verba  reduxit 
saepius ;  ad  numerum  rediens  oblivia  f  orsan 
mente  abigam.     retrogradior  numerumque  reeurro) 
'  a  murum  insidiis  petasonem,  a  milite  pernas,  140 

a  campe  et  pigris  virides  limaeibus  hortos ' 
(Alphe,  viden  quae  vis  numeri?     iam  cetera  cerno) 
'  a  tonitru  reboante  cados,  a  frigore  f etas, 
a  gravibus  vitulos  oestris,  a  gutture  poreos 
anginoso,  operas  pubes  ne  rustica  perdat. 
adsis,  o  Dea,  nee  laedant  examina  fuel 
neu  milium  furentur  aves  neu  vellera  sentes 
sueida  neu  lappas  apprendat  lana  sequentes. 
Diva  gubernatrix  hominum,  eustodia  vatum. 
Diva  laborantum  requies,  medicina  dolentum  150 

et  tutela  gregum,  nostris,  precor,  annue  votis.' 

Talibus  orabat  Pollux ;  ego  postibus  haerens 
in  baeulum  pede  porrecto  reeitata  notabam 
altius  ae  memori  condebam  singula  mente. 

A.  Candide,  Polluei  pro  sollieitudine  tanta, 
pro  precis  officio,  pro  religione  putasne 


106  BAPTIST AE  MANTUANl 

daiidum  aliquid  nobis?     pietate  peculia  crescunt. 

C.  Quid  ni  aliquid  dandum  est  ?    opus  est  persolvere  crates. 

A.  Rusticus  es,  '  crates  '  etenim  pro  '  gratibus  '  inquis. 

C.  '  Crates  '  et  '  grates  '  parvo  discrimine  distant.  160 

dandum  aliquid ;  neu  bis  detur,  sine  Pascha  reverti, 
quando  sacerdotes  commissa  piacula  solvunt. 

A.  Quid  dabimus?    vituli  gravis  est  iactura.    vel  agnum 
vel  leporem?     pietas  etiam  laudabilis  anser. 

C.   Dona  docet  tempus.     lepores  brumalia  dona, 
quando  nive  hiberna  currendi  erepta  f  acultas ; 
anser  ad  autumni  finem  nonasque  Kalendas 
pertinet;  aestatis  coryli,  nova  poma,  racemi, 
munera;  lactentes  haedi  sunt  veris  et  agni. 
tunc  si  de  cordis  aliquem  conspexeris  aegrum  170 

ac  tenuem  qui  nee  vendi  nee  vivere  possit 
(munus  erit  sollemne  satis)  donabimus  agnum. 

Ipse  mihi,  cum  iam  regredi  post  prandia  vellem, 
carmina  de  Nymphae  sollemnibus  eruta  fastis 
tradidit  et  dixit,  '  si  quando  gravabere  curis, 
haec  cane ;  pro  mentis  medicamine  carmen  habeto : 

"  Quando  Molorchaeo  Titan  descendit  ab  astro 
pronus  et  Astraeae  iam  limina  virginis  intrat, 
Virgine  laetetur  pubes  et  cana  senectus ; 
transiit  ad  Superos  et  Olympica  regna  petivit.  180 

Ogdoas  ut  toto  iam  tertia  fluxerit  orbe, 
f  esta  dies  iterum ;  natalia  Virginis  aras 
ignibus  illustrant,  offert  nova  liba  sacerdos. 
Libra  redit  noctes  properans  aequare  diebus, 
exsultat  Picenus  ager,  vehit  Hadria  puppes 
Illyricas  et  Chaonias,  cum  mercibus  adsunt 
Tusci,  Umbri,  Veneti,  Siculi ;  Lauretica  templa 
cum  donis  turmatim  adeunt  votisque  solutis 
in  sublime  iugum  laeti  ad  commercia  tendunt. 

Et  cum  Thessalicas  cursu  breviore  sagittas  190 

sol  subit  et  frigent  urentibus  arva  pruinis, 
clausa  gynaecei  sacris  penetralibus  hausit 
corde  Deum  toto  proprios  oblita  parentes. 

Et  cum  semiferi  fugiens  Chironis  ab  arcu 
languet  ad  hiberni  glacialia  limina  Capri, 
induat  ornatas  et  mas  et  femina  vestes 
laetitiaque  diem  celebrent  quo  semine  sacro 


EC  LOG  A  VIII.  157-224  107 

coniugis  annosus  gravidam  pater  imbuit  alvum. 

ilia  dies  etenim  sanctae  primordia  N)miphae 

fecit  et  in  nostras  vetuit  descendere  sordes,  200 

Cum  volat  imbrifera  lampas  Phoebea  sub  urna 
ad  vernos  reditura  dies,  iam  proxima  veri, 
ite,  nurus  omnes,  sacros  altaribus  ignes, 
tura  focis,  faculas  manibus  date,  ducite  pompam; 
attulit  in  templum  nova  dona  puerpera  virgo. 

Quando  gregis  Princeps  aurato  vellere  fulgens 
incipiet  Zephyris  aperire  tepentibus  annum 
et  dare  maiores  luci  quam  noctibus  horas, 
aliger  occultam  redeat  Paranymphus  in  aedem 
et  nova  miranti  referat  mandata  puellae.  210 

festa  dies  Tuscis  populos  de  collibus  omnes 
cogit  et  Arnicolas  vocat  ad  Florentia  templa. 
tum  quoque  sed  tenui  virgo  prius  intervallo 
nupsit,  et  haec  teneris  lux  est  celebranda  puellis. 

Quando  sub  extrema  Cancri  testudine  Phoebus 
volvitur  et  revehit  vicina  Canicula  morbos, 
ture  piam  celebrate  diem ;  redit  hospita  mater 
in  proprios  a  matre  lares,     altaria  circum 
primitias  Cereris  geminae  suspendite  matri."  ' 

Ista  dedit  Pollux  vigilans  quae  in  montibus  olim  220 

fecerat  ad  pecudum  caulas,  dum  nocte  serena 
militiam  caeli  sparsosque  examinat  ignes. 
his  quoque  plura  dedit ;  sed  carmina  plura  ref erri 
non  sinit  extremum  deponens  vespera  solem. 


108  BAPTIST AE  MANTUANI 


ECLOGA  IX,  FALCO, 

DE  MORI  BUS  CURIAE  ROMAN  AE,  POST  RELIGION  IS 

INGRESSUM. 

FAUSTULUS.  CANDIDUS. 

F.  Candide,  quo  casu  patriis  procul  actus  ab  oris 
haec  in  rura  venis?     hie  pascua  nulla  nee  amnes 
nee  liquidi  f ontes  nee  ovilia  tuta  nee  umbrae, 
et  tamen  assiduos  gregis  haee  paseuntur  in  usus. 

C.  Faustule,  me  noster  Corydon  (qui  plurima  quondam 
his  armenta  loeis  habuit  magnamque  peeuli 
congeriem  feeit)  peeori  me  eredere  adegit 
esse  salutares  istis  in  montibus  herbas ; 
at  postquam  segnes  agros  et  inertia  saxa 
vidimus  et  sieeis  arentem  fontibus  undam,  10 

paenituit  longaeque  viae  patriaeque  relietae. 

F.  Postquam  te  ineolumem  saltus  intrare  Latinos 
contigit,  antiqui  potes  haee  mea  teeta  subire 
iure  sodalitii.     sunt  hie  mihi  pauperis  agri 
iugera  pauea  meae  vix  suffieientia  vitae ; 
quidquid  id  est  eommune  puta.     tibi  forsitan  ulla 
prospera  sors  aderit ;  f  ortuna  simillima  vento  est. 
earieeae  sueeede  casae,  dum  praeterit  aestus, 
dum  grex  in  gelida  procumbens  ruminat  umbra, 
pone  pedum,  discumbe  parum,  recreabere  potu;  2Q 

potu  opus  est,  potu  iste  gravis  compeseitur  aestus. 
pocula  prende ;  fluet  melius  post  pocula  sermo. 

C.  Pocula  quis  tanta  demens  aestate  reeuset? 

F.  Vina  sitim  minuunt  animique  doloribus  obstant, 
vina  ut  amicitias  vires  ita  corporis  augent. 

C.  Haec  parit  ora  bonos  (si  patria  vina)  racemos. 

F.  Funde  iterum ;  potare  semel  gustare,  seeundus 
colluit  OS  potus,  calefacta  refrigerat  ora 
tertius,  arma  siti  bellumque  indicere  quartus 
aggreditur,  quintus  pugnat,  victoria  sexti  est,  30 

Septimus   (Oenophili  senis  haec  doctrina)   triumphat. 

C.  Res  est  consiliis  secura  fidelibus  uti, 
utile  doctrinis  praebere  senilibus  aures. 


EC  LOG  A  IX.  1-74  109 

victa  sitis,  mens  aegra  manet  curaeque  supersunt. 

F.   Ut  sedata  sitis,  sic  mens  sedabitur  aegra. 
f unde  merum,  bibe ;  cardiaco  medicina  dolori  haec, 
utitur  ad  curas  isto  medicamine  Roma. 

C.  Omne  opus  atque  labor  vult  intervalla ;  quiescat 
obba  parum,  contra  muscas  impone  tabellam. 
non  madet  imbre  dies  nee  habet  nox  umida  rorem  40 

crescere  nee  duris  possunt  in  cotibus  herbae. 
importuna  fames,  labor  improbus,  aeris  ardor 
conf ecere  gregem  macie ;  vix  debile  corpus 
spiritus  aeger  agit,  vacua  cute  porrigit  ossa 
clunis  et  exilis  cava  contrahit  ilia  venter, 
hie  aries  qui  fronte  lupos  cornuque  petebat 
nunc  ove  debilior  pavidoque  fugacior  agno  est. 
haec  mihi   (sed  nimium  me  ardentia  vota  ferebant) 
omnia  divino  praedixerat  omine  comix. 

vix  egressus  eram  limen,  cum  tristia  portans  50 

auguria  a  dextra  venit  tegetisque  sinistrae 
culmine  consedit  pressoque  minaciter  ore 
vociferans  iter  auspicio  prohibebat  aperto. 
heu  pecus  infelix,  quod  lacte  et  prole  solebas 
affluere,  in  nostris  licuit  dum  pascere  campis, 
gramina  dum  quaeris,  suci  plus  perdis  eundo 
quam  referas  pastu.     simul  hie  tabescimus  ambo, 
tu  tenui  victu,  euris  ego  vietus  amaris. 

F.  O  nostrae  regionis  opes,  o  florida  prata, 
o  campi  virides,  o  pascua  laeta  feraxque  60 

et  numquam  sine  fruge  solum,  currentia  passim 
flumina  per  villas,  rivi  per  rura,  per  hortos. 
hine  pecus,  hinc  agri  pingues ;  sub  sidere  Cancri, 
cum  tritura  sonat  passim,  cum  lulius  ardet, 
arva  virent,  textae  lento  de  vimine  saepes 
poma  ferunt,  redolent  ipsis  in  vepribus  herbae. 

C.  O  nemorum  dulees  umbrae  mollesque  susurri, 
quos  tecum  memini  gelidis  carpsisse  sub  umbris 
turturis  ad  gemitus,  ad  hirundinis  ac  philomenae 
carmina,  cum  primis  resonant  arbusta  cicadis.  70 

aura  strepens  foliis  nemorum  veniebat  ab  Euro 
et  bacata  super  tendebat  braeehia  cornus. 
ipse  solo  recubans  pecudes  gestire  videbam 
atque  alacres  teneris  luctari  cornibus  agnos, 


110  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

post  somnos  per  gramen  humi  nunc  ore  supino 
aut  flatu  implebam  calamos  aut  voce  canebam, 
pectore  nunc  prono  rutilantia  fraga  legebam. 

F.  Vivere  turn  f  elix  poteras  dicique  beatus ; 
sed  bona  (quod  nondum  fueras  expertus  acerbam) 
vilis  erat  tibi  teque  ideo  fortuna  reliquit.  80 

quando  iterum  X£B^£t(veniet  si  forsitan  umquam) 
sicut  capreolis  'su^um  nitentibus  haerent 
stipitibus  vites  stringuntque  tenaciter  ulmos, 
sic  illam  tu  prende  manu  neu  desere  prensam. 
it,  redit,  effigiem  mutat  nee  imagine  constat 
par  lamiis  quas  nocte  f erunt  errare  per  umbras, 
mobilis  ut  f  acies,  ita  mens ;  deludere  gaudens 
quod  dederat  tollit ;  pensi  nihil,  omnia  casu ; 
qui  nimium  metuunt  sapiuntve  repellit  et  odit. 

C.  Delicias  patrii  quotiens  reminiscimur  agri,  90 

ferre  tot  aerumnas  animo  non  possumus  aequo, 
sed  quo  mente  feror?     casu  afflictatus  acerbo 
unde  magis  crucier  felicia  tempora  volvo. 
Mains  adest :  florent  vites  humilesque  genistae, 
iam  spicata  seges,  malus  iam  Punica  multo 
flore  rubet,  redolent  saepes  albente  sabuco 
in  patria,  per  rura  Padi,  per  pascua  Minci ; 
hie  vero  necdum  incipiunt  pubescere  montes. 
quod  si  vere  solum  torpet,  quid  frigora  brumae 
solstitiumque  feret,  gelidis  cum  terra  pruinis  100 

albicat  et  rapido  cum  caelum  incanduit  aestu? 
sunt  tamen  hie  armenta  quibus  cutis  uvida,  cervix 
non  signata  iugis,  gemino  frons  ardua  cornu 
luxuriansque  toris  pectus;  nisi  pabula  carpant, 
non  erit  hac  tanta  umectum  pinguedine  corpus. 

F.  Haec  armenta  quibus  caput  a  tellure  levatur 
altius  et  cui  sunt  longa  internodia  crurum 
cuncta  vorant,  herbas  primum,  mox  ore  supino 
arboreas  frondes  summaeque  cacumina  silvae; 
hoc  imbelle  pecus  quod  humi  nascentia  tantum  110 

gramina  decerpit  vacuis  ieiunat  in  arvis. 

C.  Quid  verl:)is  opus  est?     cunctis  animantibus  una  est 
condicio :  semper  maiora  minoribus  obsunt. 
agna  lupo,  mites  aquilis  sunt  praeda  columhae, 
jnnocuos  delphin  venatur  jn  aequore  pisces, 


EC  LOG  A  IX.  75-156  111 

unde  fit  hoc?  (certe  res  prodigiosa  videtur) 
haec  loca,  si  procul  hinc  videas  e  rupibus  altis, 
pingue  solum  et  multo  vestituni  gramme  dicas ; 
quo  magis  appropias  tanto  magis  omnia  sordent. 

F.  Hoc  est  Roma  viris  avibus  quod  noctua:  trunco       120 
insidet  et  tamquam  volucrum  regina  superbis 
nutibus  a  longe  plebem  vocat.     inscia  fraudis 
turba  coit,  grandes  oculos  mirantur  et  aures, 
turpe  caput  rostrique  minacis  acumen  aduncum ; 
dumque  super  virgulta  agili  levitate  feruntur 
nunc  hue,  nunc  illuc,  aliis  vestigia  filum 
illaqueat,  retinent  alias  lita  vimina  visco, 
praedaque  sunt  omnes  veribus  torrenda  salignis. 

C.  O  bellum  hoc ;  poterit  dici  nihil  aptius  umquam. 
sed  procul  en  coluber  tortos  in  pulvere  gressus  130 

flectit  et  exsertis  sitiens  ferit  aera  Unguis. 

F.  Candide,  quae  moneo  memori  sub  pectore  serva. 
quando  inter  silvas  graderis,  defende  galero 
lumina,  namque  rubi  praetendunt  spicula  longis 
dentibus  et  curvus  discerpit  pallia  mucro. 
nee  depone  pedum  multaque  armare  memento 
cote  sinum,  ne  te  subito  novus  opprimat  hostis. 
et  perone  pedem  tegito ;  spineta  colubris 
plena  hominum  vitae  morsu  insidiantur  amaro, 
et  nunc  longa  dies  aestu  facit  acre  venenum.  140 

mille  lupi,  totidem  vulpes  in  vallibus  istis 
lustra  tenent  et,  quod  dirum  ac  mirabile  dictu  est, 
ipse  homines  (huius  tanta  est  violentia  caeli) 
saepe  lupi  effigiem  moresque  assumere  vidi 
inque  suum  saevire  gregem  multaque  madere 
caede  sui  pecoris ;  factum  vicinia  ridet 
nee  scelus  exhorret  nee  talibus  obviat  ausis. 
saepe  etiam  miris  apparent  monstra  figuris 
quae  tellus  affecta  malis  influxibus  edit; 
saepe  canes  tantam  in  rabiem  vertuntur,  ut  ipsos  150 

vincant  caede  lupos,  et  qui  tutela  fuerunt 
hostiles  ineunt  animos  et  ovilia  mactant. 
fama  est  Aegyptum  coluisse  animalia  quaedam 
et  pro  numinibus  multas  habuisse  ferarum  ; 
ista  superstitio  minor  est  quam  nostra,     ferarum 
hie  aras  habet  omne  genus,  contraria  cert^ 


112  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANl 

naturae  res  atque  Deo  qui  dicitur  olim 

praeposuisse  hominem  cunctis  animantibus  unum. 

saepe  etiam  morbosa  aestas  et  pestifer  annus 

ingruit  et  passim  languens  pecus  omne  per  arva  160 

sternitur ;  exstinctae  dum  balat  ad  ubera  matris, 

agnus  obit,  moritur  duro  sub  pondere  taurus. 

nee  modus  est  morbo,  non  est  medicina  veneno, 

sed  vicina  domus  vicino  a  limine  mortem 

haurit  et  assidue  sumunt  contagia  vires. 

ista  feras  raro  pestis  rapit,  utile  semper 

f  ert  pecus ;  exstinctas  caulas  epulantur  atroci 

dente  lupi  nostraque  ferae  iactura  opulescunt. 

C.  Heu,  heu  quam  praeceps  miserum  me  insania  traxit ; 
credere  fallaci  gravis  est  dementia  famae.  170 

Romuleos  colles,  Tiberim  Romanaque  tecta 
audieram  et  studio  mens  est  accensa  videndi 
ducendique  bonis  in  tot  praestantibus  aevum. 
^ccessi  cum  parte  gregis,  tentoria  demens, 
totum  paene  larem  cum  pastoralibus  armis 
trans  iuga  summa  tuli,  mulctraria,  cymbia,  aena 
et  cacabos  et  quo  formatur  caseus  orbem 

f  agineum ;  impensam  atque  operas  amisimus  omnes. 
quid  faciam?     quo  me  vertam?     sperata  negantur 

pabula;  tot  casus,  tot  ubique  pericula.     cogor  180 

in  veteres  remeare  casas  et  coepta  fateri 

consiliis  egressa  malis  iterumque  per  aestus 

et  montana  pati  longos  per  saxa  labores. 

heu  pecus  inf  elix,  o  laevo  sidere  pastor 

hue  avecte.     fuit  multo  praestantius  istud 

ignorasse  solum  patrioque  in  limine  tutos 

consumpsisse  dies,  gelidis  senujsse  sub  antris 

atque  Padi  circum  ripas  Athesisve  per  agros 

aut  ubi  per  virides  campos  et  pascua  nota 

Mincius  it  vel  qua  vitreo  natat  Abdua  cursu  190 

consedisse,  gregem  pavisse  salubribus  herbis. 
F.  Te  tua  credulitas,  et  me  mea  fallit  in  horas. 

vidi  ego  supremae  qui  prosperitatis  habebant 

culmina,  dum  laudata  petunt,  cecidisse  nee  umquam 

emersisse  malis  ;  facit  experientia  cautos. 

hi  prius  explorant  et  non  laudata  sequuntur 

omnia ;  laude  carent  (juae  sunt  meliora.     fuerunt 


EC  LOG  A  IX.  157-232  113 

(non  nego)  quae  famam  retinent  ac  nomina  servant 

(cuncta  suis  pollent  vicibus)   Luna,  Hadria,  Troia, 

Salvia  (quas  nobis  memorabat  saepius  Umber)  200 

nomine  sunt  solo,  delevit  cetera  tempus. 

si  minor  est  patriae  forsan  modo  gloria  nostrae, 

res  tamen  est  melior.     laudatae  gloria  Romae 

quanta  sit  in  toto  non  est  qui  nesciat  orbe; 

fama  quidem  manet,  utilitas  antiqua  recessit. 

illi  prisca  quibus  maduerunt  pascua  fontes 

nunc  umore  carent,  venis  aqua  defuit  haustis, 

nulla  pluit  nubes,  Tiberis  non  irrigat  agros, 

tempus  aquaeductus  veteres  contrivit  et  arcus 

et  castella  ruunt;  procul  hinc,  procul  ite,  capellae.  210 

hie  ieiuna  fames  et  languida  regnat  egestas. 

Hie  tamen  (ut  fama  est  etnos  quoque  vidimus  ipsi) 
pastor  adest  quadam  ducens  ex  alite  nomen, 
lanigeri  pecoris  dives,  ditissimus  agri, 
carmine  qui  priscos  vates  atque  Orphea  vincat, 
Orphea  qui  traxit  silvas  et  saxa  canendo. 
hie  alios  omni  tantum  virtute  Latinos 
exsuperat  quantum  Tiberim  Padus.  Abdua  Maeram, 
lenta  salix  iuncum,  tribulos  rosa,  populus  algam. 
credimus  hune  illi  similem  cui  Tityrus  olim  220 

bis  senos  fumare  dies  altaria  fecit, 
hie  ovium  eustos  ipso  vigilantior  Argo 
Daphnide  nee  solum  sed  eo  qui  dicitur  olim 
Admeti  pavisse  greges  per  Thessala  rura 
doctior,  omne  pecus  Solymi  curare  magistri 
dignus  et  antiquo  dignus  succedere  patri 
qui  fuit  Assyrii  pecoris  post  retia  pastor. 
"Tste  potest  servare  gregem,  depellere  morbos, 
umectare  solum,  dare  pascua,  solvere  fontes, 
conciliare  lovem,  fures  arcere  luposque.  230 

si  favet  iste,  mane,     quod  si  negat  iste  favorem, 
Candide,  coge  pecus  melioraque  pascua  quaere. 


114  BAPTIST  A  E  M  ANT  U  AN  I 


ECLOGA  X,  BEMBUS, 

DE  FRATRUM  OBSERVANTIUM  ET  NON  OBSERVANTIUM 
CONTROVERSIAL   POST   RELIC  ION  IS   INCRESSUM. 

CANDIDUS.  BEMBUS.  BATRACHUS.  MYRMIX. 

C.   Maxima  pastores  agitat  discordia,  Bembe, 
qui  Solymos  colles  Galilaeaque  rura  colebant ; 
Batrachus  hinc,  Myrmix  illinc  certare  parati 
iudice  te  paucis,  si  non  audire  recusas 
et  nisi  te  revocant  maiora  negotia,  dicent. 
tu  pater  es  vatum,  tu  scis  componere  lites 
iurgiaque  et  blandis  convicia  toUere  verbis ; 
te  quoque  Pierios  fama  est  potasse  liquores 
et  vidisse  deas  quibus  est  custodia  sacri 

fontis  et  Eurotae  campos  ac  Phocidis  arva,  10 

ipse  ubi  f  ronde  sua  tibi  tempora  cinxit  Apollo, 
dona  dedit  citharam,  nervos  et  eburnea  plectra. 

Be.  Dicite,  quandoquidem  tepidos  admovit  ad  ignes 
nos  hiberna  dies,  dum  non  sinit  ire  per  agros 
bruma  gregem,  flatu  Boreas  dum  saevit  acuto, 
dum  riget  omne  solum,  tectis  dum  plurima  pendet 
stiria,  dum  torpent  sub  aquis  glacialibus  amnes ; 
otia  damnantur  quae  nulla  negotia  tractant. 

M.   Pastores,  genus  infelix,  aestate  vagamur 
pro  grege  soUiciti,  sed  cum  nos  frigidus  imber  20 

continet  in  stabulis,  lites  et  iurgia  surgunt. 

Ba.  Qui  veteres  audent  ritus  mutare  suoque 
arbitrio  et  nullis  ducunt  sub  legibus  aevum, 
hi  sunt,  o  Myrmix,  qui  bella  domestica  gignunt. 

Be.   De  veteri  ritu,  de  consuetudine  patrum 
rixa  agitur  vobis?     leges  moresque  parentum, 
Batrache,  die.     die,  cur  nostrum  venistis  in  orbem 
ex  Phoenice  solo?     nos  pascua  vidimus  ilia, 
vidimus  herbosos  felici  uligine  campos. 

vertice  Carmeli  vitreis  uberrimus  undis  30 

fons  cadit  et  rauco  densum  nemus  irrigat  amne. 
vidimus  et  lordanis  aquas,  ubi  maximus  olim 
pastor  oves  mergens  scabiem  resecavit  avitam. 


EC  LOG  A  X.  1-74  115 

amnis  hie  a  Libano  veniens  Galilaea  per  arva 

transit  et  ampla  lacu  consurgit  in  aequora  magno ; 

unda  coit  rursum,  rursum  mare  fundit  apertum, 

urbs  ubi  Romani  de  nomine  dicta  Tiberi ; 

unda  coit  rursum,  tandem  lericunte  relicta 

intrat  in  infames  Asphalti  gurgitis  undas. 

hinc  satis  est  nos  oram  omnem  vidisse  probatum;  40 

dicite,  et  hinc  tandem  vestras  demergite  lites. 

71/,   Batrachus  audaci  semper  sese  ingerit  ore 
et  mihi  se  praefert  magno  temerarius  ausu. 

Ba.  Non  ego  me  ingessi,  processi  a  iudice  iussus. 
Be.   Pone  pedum,  Myrmix,  et  tu  quoque,  Batrache  ;  non  est 
orandum  armatis  manibus,  sed  mentibus  aequis. 
Batrache,  die ;  Myrmix,  animi  compesce  furorem 
interea,  ut  venias  magis  ad  responsa  paratus. 
qui  furit  insanit ;  qui  vero  insanit  amaro 
impatiens  animo  nee  corda  nee  ora  gubernat ;  50 

quidquid  ait  vanum  est,  quidquid  molitur  ineptum. 

Ba.   Bembe,  genus  nostrum  generisque  exordia  dicam. 
venimus  Assyriis  (ut  Candidus  inquit)  ab  oris, 
est  pater  Elias  nobis  qui  sustulit  armis 
pastorum  genus  omne  malum,  qui  traxit  Olympo 
flammigeros  ignes,  qui  ascendit  in  aethera  curru. 

Be.  Nobile  et  antiquum  genus  hoc,  et  clara  propago. 
Ba.  Pastores  alii  quotquot  per  rura  vagantur 

omnia  sunt  rivi  nostris  a  f  ontibus  orti ; 

nos  dedimus  leges,  paseendi  ostendimus  artem.  60 

quo  magis  hi  peccant  qui,  cum  sint  ordine  primi, 

primatum  amittunt  studia  inconsulta  sequendo. 

nos  radix,  alii  rami;  sed  nos  quoque  rami 

a  veteri  radice  patrum  iam  aetate  caduci. 

tradidit  Elias  eertam  pastoribus  artem 

qua  curare  greges,  qua  noxia  pabula  fas  est 

discere  et  occultos  imbres  ventosque  latentes 

quive  salutaris  f  oret  et  qui  pestif  er  annus ; 

signa  dedit,  nihil  omisit  quod  ovilia  tangat. 

sed  fons  ille  fluens  Carmeli  e  rupibus  altis  70 

tam  nitidus  quondam,  tam  dulci  limpidus  unda, 

tramite  mutato  (patet  id)  modo  currit  in  Austrum. 

sed  prius  (extat  adhue  vetus  alveus)  ibat  ad  ortum. 

hi  cursus  f  ecere  novos,  liquere  priores 


116  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

quos  dederat  rivo  veterum  prudentia  patrum. 

M.  Quid  tibi,  sive  novo  currat  seu  tramite  prisco, 
dummodo  fecundis  umectet  pascua  lymphis? 
et  quid  de  caeli  quereris  regione?     per  Austrum 
solis  iter,  melior  vitis  quae  respicit  Austrum. 
et  melior  legitur  Libycis  de  coUibus  uva.  80 

Ba.  Est  melior  taxus  Boream  quae  respicit ;  ergo 
in  Boream  melius  poterat  decurrere  rivus. 
pastor  es,  et  cura  pecoris  male  sane  relicta 
sermonem  de  vite  facis  quasi  legibus  isdem 
grex  et  vitis  eant,  nee  quod  discrimen  in  undis 
gramineque  et  ventis  nosti  et  quam  noxius  Auster 
sit  pecori ;  disce  a  Roma  si  noxius  Auster. 
cur  Mutinensis  agri  pecudes  sunt  vellere  fusco? 
cur  Clitumnus  habet  niveas?     cur  Mantua  molli 
lanitio  excellit  Veronaque  proxima  Manto?  90 

unde  haec  multiplici  rerum  variantia  forma? 
non  aliunde  nisi  a  caelis,  a  gramine  et  unda. 

Be.  Candide,  utrumque  pedum  procul  hinc    (rogo)    pro- 
tinus  aufer; 
inter  eos  hodie  video  bellum  acre  futurum. 
clam  cape  et  auf  erto ;  subter  sarmenta  reconde. 

Ba.  Bembe,  mihi  tecum  sermo  est.     dum  viximus  una, 
dum  commune  pecus  nobis  fuit,  heu  mihi  quantum 
dedecus,  heu  quot  sunt  pecudes  incommoda  passae. 
nee  mersare  gregem  fluvio  nee  vellera  certis 
temporibus   (sicut  mos  est)   tondere  licebat.  100 

nudabant  spineta  pecus.  nudata  secabant 
terga  rubi ;  scabie  cutis  aspera,  tabidus  umor 
pestis,  et  in  totum  serpebant  ulcera  corpus, 
multum  igitur  refert  pecudes  quae  pabula  carpant, 
flumina  quae  potent  et  qua  regione  morentur. 

Die  mihi,  die,  Myrmix,  priscum  cur  lana  colorem 
perdidit?     haec  gregibus  quidnam  nova  vellera  fecit? 
cur  pecus  est  nigrum  quod  erat  melioribus  annis 
clarum?     immutarunt  mutati  vellera  mores. 

Bembe,  ad  te  redeo.     paucis  absolvere  nitar,  110 

sed,  quo  digna  omni  tua  sit  sententia  laude, 
vera  loquar.     tu  iura  tenes,  ego  facta  docebo ; 
indicium  reddit  verum  enarratio  vera, 
his  animadversis  aegre  tot  damna  ferentes 


ECLOGA  X.  75-155  117 

venimus  ad  f  ontem,  rivumque  a  vertice  summo 
scrutari  mihi  cura  fuit;  tu,  provide  Myrmix, 
interea  nidos  avium  vel  dorcada  parvam 
venabare  tuae  quae  dona  darentur  amatae. 

M.  Bembe,  vides  ut  aperta  in  me  convicia  torquet? 
auguror,  ista  manu  lis  est,  non  ore,  agitanda;  120 

mos  mihi,  non  lingua,  maledicta  refellere  dextra. 

C.  Batrache,  ne  verum  taceam,  linguosior  aequo  es ; 
iurgia  bilem  acuunt,  convicia  pectus  acerbant. 
non  tibi  cum  puero  res  est,  nee  homuncio  Myrmix ; 
res  male  tuta  viros  lingua  irritare  proterva. 

Ba.  Da  veniam,  Myrmix ;  '  amitam  '  prof  erre  volenti 
nescio  quis  mihi  misit  in  os  malus  error  '  amatam.' 

M.  Do  veniam ;  cave  ne  rursum  me  voce  lacessas. 

Ba.  Alveus  excelsa  saliens  de  rupe  lacunam 
foderat  et  clausis  ripas  aequaverat  undis;  130 

gurges  erat  textu  silvarum  umbrosus  opaco 
densaque  saepierant  tristem  spineta  lacunam. 
mille  venenorum  species  in  gurgite  vidi, 
mille  secus  ripas  in  opaco  margine,  mille 
per  nemus  ad  lymphas  sinuoso  serpere  gressu. 
obstupui,  et  rapido  rediens  ad  ovilia  cursu 
incipio  paleas  furca  versare  tricorni. 
ecce  caput  tollit  coluber  linguaque  trisulca 
sibilat,  inflantur  fauces,  nepa  livida  tendit 
bracchia,  ventrosus  profert  vestigia  bufo,  140 

vipera  per  stipulam  gradiens  strepit.     *  o  loca,'  dixi, 
'  non  pecori  tantum  verum  et  pastoribus  ipsis 
noxia.'     mox  grege  diviso  de  sedibus  illis 
pascua  quaesitum  tristis  meliora  recessi. 
perque  iter  antiquum  f ontis  nova  flumina  duxi 
in  campos  ubi  prima  suos  Aurora  colores 
explicat  et  croceos  Phoebi  redeuntis  ad  ortus. 
hie  mihi  fecundae  pecudes,  hie  pascua  laeta 
et  sine  labe  liquor,  dulces  sine  crimine  lymphae. 
haec  loca  primaevi  sunt  quae  coluere  parentes ;  150 

signa  casae  superant,  puteus  cariosaque  ligna 
fixa  solo  seiuncta  pedum  discrimine  septem 
et  focus  et  lacera  quae  cingitur  area  saepe. 

M.  Cura  viris  levibus  rerum  solet  esse  novarum ; 
propterea  certe  nova  pascua  quaeris  et  amnes 


118  BAPTISTAE  MANTUANI 

iingis  inauditos  et  vis  novus  auctor  haberi. 

Ba.  Cura  viris  gravibus  rerum  solet  esse  suarum ; 
propterea,  Myrmix,  nimis  a  gravitate  recedis. 
haec  novitas  non  est  novitas,  sed  vera  vetustas. 
religio  et  pietas  patrum  instaurata  resurgit  160 

quam  tua  corrupit  levitas  et  nota  tuorum 
segnities.     igitur  si  quis  labentia  tecta 
erigat  et  sterilem  qui  mansuefecerit  agrum 
iudice  te  damnandus  erit?     non  ponitur  arbor 
altera,  sed  veteri  inseritur  bona  virgula  trunco ; 
segne  prius  ligtium  nostro  fit  fertile  cultu. 

M.  Quamvis  pingue  tuo  pecori  sit  gramen  et  unda 
defaecata,  tamen  multae  cum  matribus  agnae 
interiere ;  lupi  et  pastae  meminere  volucres. 

Ba.  Hae  (fateor)  quae  dira  tuae  contagia  pestis  170 

accepere.     etiam  procul  aspicientibus  obsunt ; 
tantum  virus  inest,  vestri  vis  tanta  veneni. 
propterea  magis  atque  magis  discedere  semper 
est  animus,     patitur  pecus  haec  incommoda  nostrum 
sola,  quod  in  vastam  nondum  discessit  eremum 
nee  satis  a  vobis  procul  in  deserta  recessit. 

M.  Batrache,  de  gregibus  mentiris  plurima  nostris. 
certe  alienarum  tibi  cura  superflua  rerum, 
et  temere  assumis  partes  censoris  iniqui. 
cur  mihi  qui  pasco  cuium  pecus  ista  tueri  180 

non  licuit?     solisne  domus  mea  cognita  vobis? 

Ba.  Aethiopes  una  quoniam  nigredine  sordent, 
ille  color  nulli  vitio  datur ;  omnibus  idem 
vultus  et  alterius  si  quis  reprenderet  ora, 
et  sua  damnaret.     pecori  pecorisque  magistris 
faex  eadem,  scabies  eadem,  cutis  et  color  idem. 

Be.  Parcite ;  iam  satis  est  lis  intellecta  diesque 
inclinata  cadit,  iam  post  iuga  summa  ruit  sol. 
audite,  o  magni  generis  longaeva  propago 
lite  super  vestra  quae  sit  sententia  nostra.  190 

M.  Batrache,  me  audaci  totiens  sermone  lacessis. 

Ba.  Non  ego,  sed  non  aequa  magis  te  causa  lacessit 
iudiciumque  timet  sibi  mens  male  conscia  iustum. 

C.  Quando  inimicitias  tempus  deponere,  rursum 
vestra  novas  lites  vecordia  suscitat.     ergo 
perpetuis  haec  rixa  odiis  aeterna  manebit? 


ECLOGA  X.  156-204  119 

quae  vos  debilitas  capitis,  quae  insania  vexat? 

non  pudet  his  uti  tanto  sub  iudice  nugis? 

ergo  animis  audite  acquis  odiisque  sepultis 

ultima  doctiloqui  quae  sit  sententia  Bembi.  200 

Be.   Ferte  per  antiques  patrum  vestigia  gressus 
et  veteres  servate  vias.     revocate  vagantes 
per  valles  et  saxa  greges,  per  lustra  ferarum. 
figite  in  antiquis  iterum  magalia  campis. 


NOTES 


THE  DEDICATORY  EPISTLE. 

The  Paride  Ceresara  to  whom  the  revised  Eclogues  were  dedicated 
•was  a  nobleman  of  Mantua,  distinguished  for  his  great  wealth  and 
wide  learning.  In  one  of  the  novels  of  Bandello  (ii.  5)  he  is  called 
*  nobilissimo  e  in  ogni  sorta  di  lettere  dottissimo.'  He  translated  the 
Aulularia  for  the  Bishop  Lodovico  Gonzaga,  and  perhaps  also  a 
Greek  comedy.  And  he  had  some  knowledge  of  Hebrew.  In  his 
later  years  he  was  interested  in  astrology  and  in  the  '  occult  sciences  ' ; 
hence  the  mention  of  him  by  Luca  Gaurico  :  '  erat  facie  et  barbitio 
rufus,  procerae  staturae,  sed  proportionatus ;  ex  love  in  horoscopo 
cum  Marte  ditissimus  et  locuplex;  habebat  aedes  regias ;  ingeniosus, 
legum  professor,  in  litteris  latinis  et  graecis  eruditus.  Quum  senec- 
tutis  limina  fuit  ingressus,  incepit  dare  operam  astrologiae.'  He  was 
born  in  1466,  and  died  in  1532.  [Luzio-Renier,  Giornale  storico 
della  letteratura  italiana,  xxxiv   (1899),  86-88]. 


ECLOGA  I,  FAUSTUS. 

Antiquos  repeti  vult  Fortunatus  amoves; 
Obsequitur  Faustus   referens  conubia   laeta.* 

At  Fortunatus'  request,  Faustus  repeats  the  story  of  his  love, 
courtship,  and  marriage — the  story  of  an  honorable  love  and  its  happy 
ending.  This  eclogue  (with  various  details  added  from  the  second, 
third,  and  fourth)  is  imitated  in  the  first  '  eglogue '  of  Francis 
Sable's  Pan's  Pipe  (i595)- 

1-2.  Cp.  Boccaccio,  Eel.  vi.  81,  ruminat  omne  pecus.  The  same 
phrase  occurs  in  the  Ecloga  Theoduli,  248. 

4.  modo  =  «M«(r,  as  at  ii.  151,  v.  35,  viii.  102,  114,  ix.  202,  x.  72, 
So  often  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Writers  and  in  the  Latin  Bible:  e.  g., 
John,  ix.  25,  *  scio  quia,  caecus  cum  essem,  modo  video.' 

9-10.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  372-3,  '  O  dea,  si  prima  repetens  ab  origine 
pergam,  |  et  vacet  annales  nostrorum  audire  laborum ;  '  Geor.  iv. 
285-6,  '  altius  omnem  |  expediam  prima  repetens  ab  origine  famam.' 

*  loannis  Murmellii  argumentum. 

121 


122  ECLOGUE  I.  ii-sg 

II.   Ovid,  Met.   xiii.   595,  primisque  sub  atinis. 

12-13.  Petrarch,  Eel.  vi.  78-79,  '■  sedeo  iaceoque  sttpinus,  \  multa 
canens  quae  dictat  Amor  nee  crastina  curans.' 

19.  Virg.  Eel.  ii.  36,  *  disparibus  septem  compacta  cicutis  |   fistula." 

22.  Virg,  Eel.  ii.  72,  *  viminibus  mollique  paras  detexere  iunco ;  ' 
lb.  X.  71,  '  nscellam  texit  hibisco ;  '  Geor.  i.  266,  '  texatur  fiscina 
virga ;  '  Nemes.  Eel.  i.  i,  '  fiscella  .  . .  iunco  [  texitur.' 

24.  sortiri   digitis :  the   ancient   and   modern   game  of  '  mora '. 

27-31.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  381,  *e  pastu  decedens ;  '  Aen.  vii.  70G, 
'cum  sese  e  pastu  referunt ;  '  Geor.  iv.  511-12,  '  qualis  populea 
maerens  philomela  sub  umbra  |  amissos  queritur  fetus ;  '  Stat.  Theb. 
V.  601-3,  'ilia  redit,  querulaeque  domus  mirata  quietem  |  iam  stupet 
impendens  advectosque  horrida  maesto  |  excutit  ore  cibos.' 
philomena  :  this  form  of  the  word  was  already  familiar  in  Italian ; 
cp.  Petrarch,  Sonn.  269,  '  piagner  Filomena.'  Du  Cange  cites  it 
from  a  Glossarium  of  the  year  1348.  hymenaeos :  for  the  cadence, 
cp.  Virg.  Aen.  vii.  555;  x.  720;  also,  Mantuan,  Eel.  vii.  133;  viii. 
10;  ix.  69 ;  ix.  168. 

32-35.  Cp.  Stat.  Theb.  vi.  174-77,  'nunc  vallem  spoliata  parens, 
nunc  flumina  questu,  |  nunc  armenta  movet  vacuosque  interrogat 
agros ;  |  tunc  piget  ire  domum,  maestoque  novissima  campo  |  exit 
at  oppositas  impasta  avertitur  herbas ;  '  Virg.  Eel.  v.  26,  *  nee 
graminis  attigit  herbam.'  pallenti .  .  .  umbra :  cp.  Virg.  Geor.  iii. 
357,  '  tum  sol  palletites  haud  umquam  discutit  umbras^  (where  Con- 
ington  translates,  'the  wan  shades  of  night'). 

38.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  387,  auras  \  vitales  ear  pis. 

45.  'Nam  et  Venus  pacta  dicitur '  (Ascensius).  Cp.  Francis 
Sable's  imitation,  Pan's  Pipe,  i.  137-8,  '  for  where  she  squinted  a 
little,  I  That  did  grace  her,  I  thought.'  Fontenelle  was  offended  by 
the  rustic  realism  of  this  passage ;  also,  of  Eel.  iv.  87-88. 

48-51.  Cp.  Cic.  C.  M.  xii.  42,  '  impedit  enim  consilium  voluptas, 
rationi  inimica  est,  mentis  (ut  ita  dicam)  praestringit  oeulos.'' 
credo  .  .  .  concitet .  . .  tollat :  cp.  viii.  44,  '  puto  sidera  tangant,^  and 
perhaps  also  Mantuan's  De  Vita  Beata,  '  dicis  Archimedem  fecisse 
mundum ;  putasne  feeerit  nebulas?  putasne  aestatem,  putasne  sol- 
stitia  et  aequinoctia  posuerit  ?'  and  Boccaccio,  Eel.  xiv.  46-48,  '  Silvi, 
quid  dubitas?  an  eredis  Olympia  patrem  |  ludat,  et  in  lucem  sese  sine 
numine  divum  |  praebeatT  St.  Augustine  could  say,  Conf.  i.  14,  23, 
'  eredo  etiam  Graecis  pueris  Vergilius  ita  sit,  cum  eum  sic  discere 
coguntur  ut  ego  ilium ;  '  ix,  13,  36,  '  et  eredo  iam  feeeris  quod  te 
rogo.'  In  a  letter  to  his  friend  Refrigerio,  Aug.  12,  1478,  Mantuan 
wrote:  'Audivistine  Benedicti  Morandi  viri  praestantissimi  obitum? 
eredo  audiveris :  et  puto  quem  viventem  tanto  charitatis  affectu  com- 
plectebaris  mortuum  defleveris'  (MS.  copy  in  the  Library  of  the 
University  of  Bologna). 

58.  Cp.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  239,  fatis  contraria  fata. 

59.  catus :  the  classical  name  is  feles.  The  name  eattus  (cp.  It. 
gatto  and  late  Or.  kcltto^  )  appears  first  about  350  a.  d.  For  the 
history  of  the  animal,  see  Mayor's  note  on  Juvenal,  xv.  7,  and 
O.  Keller,  Die  antike  Tierwelt,  Leipzig,  1909,  p.  74.  Mantuan's 
spelling    reflects    the    popular    etymology    of    his    day;    cp.    Perotti's 


ECLOGUE  I.  61-148  123 

Cornucopiae,  '  est  igitur  felis  quem  vulgo  catntn  nominamus,  nee 
meo  quidem  iudicio  inepte.  veteres  enim  catum  astutum  dicebant  et 
quod  nos  in  praesentia  cautum  ;  a  quo  Catones  primo  volunt  appel- 
latos  '  (Venice  ed.,  1494,  fol.  108). 

61.  Fortunatus'  comment  explains  the  mother's  lack  of  sympathy. 
The  expression  was  proverbial;  cp.  the  words  of  Aeneas  Silvius  (in 
a  letter  to  Joannes  Urunt,  1446),  'nam  tu  me  pleno  stomacho  reris 
ieiunium  commendare.'  St.  Jerome,  Ep.  58.  2,  has  '  plenus  venter 
facile  de  ieiuniis  disputat.' 

62.  This  line  is  borrowed  in  the  Cambridge  Latin  play  Laelia 
(c-  1595)'  i-  3)  176-7,  '  quas  nulla  premit  sitis  |  sunt  illae  asperiores 
semper  sitientibus  '   (ed.  G.  C.   Moore  Smith.  Cambridge,   1910). 

64.  albebant.     Cp.     Juvencus,    ii.    313,    albcntes    cernite    campos; 
John,  iv.  35,  quia  albae  siuit  iam  ad  niessetn. 
74.   Cp.  Virg.  Aen.  vii.  227,  plaga  solis  iniqui. 
%2'  Virg.  A 671.  ix.  614,  fulgent i  murice. 

97.  Virg.  Eel.  ix.  24,  ef  potuni  pastas  age ;  lb.  ii.  30,  gregem 
viridi  compellere  hibisco. 

98.  Virg.  Eel.  V.  47,  saliente  sitim  restinguere  rivo. 

103.  Cp.  Mantuan's  Alfonsus,  Bk.  i  (Bologna  ed.,  1502,  fol.  251), 
*  lumina  demisso  in  cilium  claudebat  amictu.'  de  SUb  :  '  from  under.' 
For  such  double  prepositions,  see  Ronsch,  Itala  und  Vulgata,  pp. 
234-5,  475-  In  some  later  editions  the  line  is  rewritten :  demissis 
aliunde  sui  velatninis  oris. 

106.  operi .  .  .  intendens.  Cp.  Minuc.  Fel.  Oct.  vii.  5,  intende 
templis;  Augustine,  Conf.  ii.  10,  18,  nolo  in  earn  intendere;  lb.  xi. 
2.  3,  intende  orationi  tneae ',  Psa.  54.  2,  intende  mihi. 

1 13.  Virg.  Eel.  X.  49,  '  ah  tibi  ne  teneras  glacies  secet  aspera  plantas.' 

1 1 5-6.  Cp.  Tibullus,  ii.  3.  79-80,  '  ducite  :  ad  imperium  dominae  sul- 
cabimus  agros  :  |  non  ego  me  vinclis  verberibusque  nego  ;  '  Ovid,  Her. 
vi.  97,  '  scilicet  ut  tauros,  ita  te  iuga  ferre  coegit ;  '  Palingenius, 
Zodiacus  Vitae,  v.  444,  '  fert  placida  cervice  iugum.' 

116.  bovis  instar.  Cp.  ii.  71,  bovis  instar;  vii.  15,  instar  ovis; 
Ov.  Met.  iv.   135,  exhorruit  aequoris  instar. 

120.  cottidie.  For  Mantuan's  scansion,  compare  one  of  his  Epi- 
grammata  ad  Falconem  (on  the  death  of  Filippo  Baveria),  'cottidie 
querimur,  cottidie  rapimur.' 

121.  in  nonam  .  .  .  horam.     See  note  on  line   148. 
138.  Cp.  Ov.  Met.  ix.  761,  fnediis  sitiemus  in  undis. 

142.  rullam :  '  instrumentum  ferreum  quo  vomis  detergetur '  (Du 
Cange).  Perotti,  Corn.,  ^  rulla  significat  instrumentum  ferreum 
stimulo  rusticorum  additum  ad  vomerem  detergendum :  Plin. 
<^xviii.  49.  179^  purget  vomerem  subinde  stimulus  cuspidatus  rulla.^ 
The  modern  texts  of  Pliny  have  rallo.  deerant .  . .  deerat .  . .  deeram  : 
synizesis,  as  in  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  200,  233. 

148.  semel  =  '  aliquando.  Gall.  Une  fois,  un  jour'  (Du  Cange, 
who  quotes  an  example  from  a  document  of  the  year  1300).  Mantuan's 
use  of  semel  was  criticized  by  his  contemporaries,  and  defended  by 
his  brother  Tolomeo :  '  in  quo  vult  innuere  id  non  aliquando  sim- 
pliciter  sed  semel,  hoc  est  non  pluries,  accidisse.  ast  hi  vulgariter 
loqui  omnia  consueti  magis  ad  consuetudinem  vulgi  quam  ad  poetae 


124  ECLOGUE  I.  154— ECLOGUE  11.  5 

sensum  respexerunt.  sed  fingamus  eos  verum  dicere  et  semel  pro 
aliquando  illic  poni ;  si  recte  intelligerent,  id  non  coarguerent.  locus 
enim  et  tempus  multa  excusant  quae  alias  essent  digna  redargui. 
locus  ergo  ille  potuit  illis,  immo  et  debuit  plene  satisfacere,  id  enim 
est  in  Bucolicis  dictum,  ubi  ridentur  mores  rusticorum,  et  Minerva 
pastoralis  praesentatur.  ibi  etiam  rusticus  quidam  Crates  pro  grates 
g.  m.  c.  versa  fabulatur  <Cviii.  158^,  et  ad  imitandum  pro  ridiculo 
villicos  Pollux  pro  Paulus  <[vii.  i>,  Har  cuius  pro  Hercules 
<[iii.  4>,  Enophilus  pro  Onophryus  <Ci.  161 ;  ix.  3i]>,  Coitus  pro 
Godio  <Cii.  37^,  hora  nona  pro  meridie  <^i,  I2i]>,  et  huius  modi  alia 
de  industria  ponuntur,  non  casu  vel  inscitia :  ut  fortasse  isti  crim- 
inantur '  {Apologia  contra  detrahentes  operibus  B.  M.,  Lyons  ed., 
15 16,  fol.  Dd,  ii). 

154-55-  Cp.  Mantuan's  De  Sacris  Diebus  (of  St.  Urban's  Day, 
May  25),  '  musca  volans  noctu,  dicunt  lampyrida  Grai,  |  nunc  latet 
astrictis,  nunc  lucet  hiantibus  alis,  |  .  .  .  iam  spicata  Ceres ;  '  Perotti, 
Corn.,  *  cicendula  a  Graecis  lampyris  dicta  .  .  .  nunc  pennarum  hiatu 
refulgens,  nunc  compressu  obumbrata.' 

156.  Cp.  Ov.  Met.  ix.  759,  venit  ecce  optabile  tempus,  \  luxque 
iugalis  adest. 

159.  gemina  .  .  .  luce  :  '  solis  et  taedarum  '  (Ascensius).  Rather,  it 
was  a  two  days  feast. 

161.  Oenophilus.     See  note  on  line  148. 

163.  Ovid,  Met.  xii.   158,  multifori  delectat  tibia  buxi. 

167.  multotiens :  'satis  humile  adverbium  quo  idonei  abstinere 
dicuntur '   (Asc). 

170.  Cp.  Catullus,  62.  3,  iam  pinguis  linquere  mensas. 

173-  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  66,  'optima  quaeque  dies  miseris  mortali- 
bus  aevi  |  prima  fugit ; '  Plin.  Ep.  viii.  14.  10,  '  tanto  brevius  omne 
quanto  felicius  tempus.' 

175.  subintrat :  for  the  transitive  use.  cp.  Anthol.  ii.  p.  402  Burm., 
'  forte  subintrarunt  unica  tecta  simul.'  The  intransitive  use  is  com- 
mon in  the  Vulgate. 

176.  taxemur :  a  post-Augustan  word. 


ECLOGA  II,  FORTUNATUS. 

Quae  Padus  exundans   tulerit  dispendia  primunt, 
Insanum  tnemorat  mox  Fortunatus  Amyntatn. 

The  speakers  are  the  same  as  in  the  first  Eclogue.  Here  (and  in 
the  third)  Fortunatus  discourses  on  the  madness  of  unlawful  love, 
or  unlawful  desire,  and  its  unhappy  issue. 

I.  Cp.  Calpurn.  Eel.  vi.  i,  '  serus  ades,  Lycida;  '  lb.  vii.  i,  *  lentus 
ab  urbe  venis,  Corydon ;  vicesima  certe   |  nox  fuit,'  etc. 

5.  omissa :  cp.  x.  69,  dmisit,  and  the  poem  Alfonsus,  Bk.  i  (fol. 
255).  segniier  dmisit.  The  Mantua  edition  of  1498  doubles  the  m — 
as  it  does  in  amisso,  i.  32  ;  amissi,  ii.  89.  Cp.  Boccaccio,  Eel.  xv.  86, 
nee  lacrimas  omit  to. 


ECLOGUE  11.  8-82  125 

8-9.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  481-3,  *  proluit  insano  contorquens  vertice  silvas 
I  fluviorum  rex  Eridanus,  camposque  per  omnes  |  cum  stabulis 
armenta  tulit.'  Tityrus  means  Virgil,  as  in  Virgil's  first  Eclogue. 
So,  too,  in  Calpurn.  iv.  62;  Nemes.  ii.  84;  Boccaccio,  Eel.  i.  82-5, 
X.  66;  Mantuan,  Eel.  iii.  174,  v.  86,  ix.  220.  In  Spenser's  imitation 
of  Mant.  V.  86,  he  is  called  'the  Romish  Tityrus'  (5.  C,  x.  55). 
He  is  mentioned  here  as  the  author  of  the  Eelogues  and  Georgics. 

12-13.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  43,  '  vere  novo  gelidus  canis  cum  montibus 
umor  I  liquiiur;^  lb.  i.  326,  '  implentur  fossae  et  cava  flumina 
crescunt.' 

17.  Ovid,  Met.  viii.  559,  '  dum  tenues  capiat  suus  alveus  undas.' 

18.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  439,  jnirabile  dictu. 

19.  lacus :  not  Benacus  (as  Ascensius  thought),  but  the  lake 
formed  by  the  Mincio  at  Mantua.  Cp.  Mantuan's  Vita  Lodovici 
Morbioli,  '  et  senior  vitreo  Mantua  cincta  lacu ;  '  also,  Eel.  vi.  105, 
'  M anions  Amyntas.' 

25.  This  line  is  quoted  in  Mantuan's  Dialogus  eontra  Detraetores 
(Lyons  ed.,  15 16,  fol.  c.  ii). 

28.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  55-57,  '  dicite,  quandoquidem  in  molli  con- 
sedimus  herba,  |  et  nunc  omnis  ager,  nunc  omnis  parturit  arbos,  | 
nunc  frondent  silvae,  nunc  formosissimus  annus ;  '  Geor.  ii.  328-30, 
'  avia  tum  resonant  avibus  virgulta  canoris,  [  et  Venerem  certis  re- 
petunt  armenta  diebus ;  |  parturit  almus  ager ;  '  Lucr.  i.  2,  '  alma 
Venus'  (so  Aen.  i.  618;  Ov.  F.  iv.  90);  Lucr.  i.  9,  *  nitet  diffuso 
lumine  caelum.' 

35.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  705,  '  centum  aliae  totidemque  pares  aetate 
ministri.' 

37.  Coitum :  Goito.     See  note  on  i.  148. 

41.  Virg.  Eel.  i.   I,  recubans  sub  tegmine  fagi. 

43.  umbra.     Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  ix.  42,  *  lentae  texunt  umbracula  vites.' 

45-46.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  92,  '  rapidive  potentia  solis ;  '  lb.  ii.  353,  ' 
'  ubi  hiulca  siti  findit  Canis  aestifer  arva ;  '  TibuU.  i.  7.  21,  '  arentes 
cum  findit  Sirius  agros.'  sciderat.  In  the  Bologna  edition  of  the 
collected  poems,  1502,  the  passage  is  rewritten:  messis  erat:  rapidi 
violentia  solis  adustos  \  prosciderat  campos.  Cp.  Servius'  comment 
on  Virgil's  abscidit,  Aen.  iii.  418:  'propter  metrum  '  <:i '  corripuit 
per    poeticum    morem..'      philomena :    for    the    spelling,    see    i.    27 «. 

47-48.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  v.  77,  '  dumque  thymo  pascentur  apes,  dum 
rore  cicadae  ;  '  Geor.  i.   107,  '  exustus  ager  morientibus  aestuat  herbis.' 

49.  intendit.     Cp.  i.   106,  operi .  .  .  intcndens. 

60.  sulphuris  arcem :  Solferino. 

61.  longis  .  . .  prospectibus.  Cp.  viii.  4-5,  longe  \  prospicio;  Virg. 
Aen.  iii.  206,  aperire  procul  monies. 

63.  sacra  ...  Petro  :  the  day  of  S.  Pietro  in  Vincoli   (Aug.   i). 

69.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  431,  ingluviem  .  .  .  explei. 

71.  bovis  instar.     Cp.  i.  116  n. 

79.  Cp.  Virg.  Aen.  vi.  389,  '  comprime  gressum  ;  '  Ovid.  Met.  viii. 
218,  '  aut  pastor  baculo  stivave  innixus  arator." 

80.  Cp.  viii.  2-3,  aestas  mitior. 

81.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  vi.  47,  ah  virgo  infelix. 

82.  Cp.  Ovid,  Met.  iii.  144  ff.  (of  Actaeon). 


126  ECLOGUE  II.  85-172 

85.  Ovid,  Met.  iii.  415  (of  Narcissus),  dumque  sitim  sedare  cupit, 
sitis  altera  crevit. 

87.  Ovid,  Met.  iii.  176,  sic  ilium  fata  ferehant. 

98.  limbus  :  'head-band,'  'fillet.'  Cp.  iv.  213,  fronietn  ligat  auro; 
Claud.  Cons.  Mall.  Theod.  118,  frontem  limbo  velata  pudicam; 
Arnob.  ii.  41,  imminuerent  frontes  limbis. 

100.  claviculo  :  '  pin.'  The  word  is  very  rare  ;  cp.  Nonius,  p.  140 
M.,  '  Maeander  est  picturae  genus,  adsimili  opere  labyrinthorum, 
claviculis  inligatum.' 

103-5.  Cp.  Virg.  Ed.  viii.  41,  '  ut  vidi,  ut  perii ;  '  Aen.  iv.  2,  *  et 
caeco  carpitur  igni ;  '  Ovid,  Her.  v.  143,  *  me  miseram,  quod  amor 
non  est  medicabilis  herbis  ;  '  Met.  i.  523,  '  hei  mihi,  quod  nullis  amor 
est  sanabilis  herbis ;  '  Her.  xvi.  190,  '  flamma  recens  parva  sparsa 
resedit  aqua.' 

107-8.  Ovid,  Met.  yi\\\.  761-2,  '  validaque  cupidine  captus  |  uriiur, 
oblitus  pecorum  antrorumque  suorum.' 

108.  Cp.  Gregorio  Tifernate  (Mantuan's  teacher),  Triumphus 
Cupidinis,  'hie  furit  et  noctes  in  fletu  ducit  amaras '  (Venice  ed., 
1498,  fob  b.  iii). 

112.  Satanum.  Mantuan  has  also  Sdtdnas  (ace.  pi.)  and 
Sdtdnibus  (Ascensius'  ed.,  Paris,  1513,  Vol.  i.  fol.  164,  214  b). 

121-2.  Virg.  Aen.  iv.  602,  epulandum  ponere  mensis;  lb.  iii.  257, 
malis  absumere  mensas ;  Geor.  iii.  268,  malis  membra  absumpsere. 

124-5.  Cp.  Cic.  Tusc.  Disp.  i.  13.  30,  '  quod  nulla  gens  tam  fera, 
nemo  omnium  tam  sit  immanis,  cuius  mentem  non  irnbuerit  deorum 
opinio.' 

126-8.  Cp.  Cic.  C.  M.  xii.  40,  '  hinc  patriae  proditiones,  hinc  rerum 
publicarum  eversiones,  hinc  cum  hostibus  clandestina  coUoquia  nasci.' 
134.  tetricos  .  . .  Catones.     Cp.  Mart.  x.  20.  21,  'tunc  me  vel  rigidi 
legant    Catones  ;  '    lb.    14,    '  tetricae  .  .  .  Minervae  ;  '    Mantuan,    Contra 
Poet.   151,  'id  cane  quod  tetrici  possint  audire  Catones.'     Lewis  and 
Short  give  only  tetricus;  Ovid  and  Martial  have  tetricus. 
138.  Psa.  vii.  16,  et  incidit  in  foveam  quam  fecit. 
140-2.  Acts,  XV.  10,  'nunc  ergo  quid  tentatis  Deum  imponere  iugum 
super  cervices  discipulorum  quod  neque  nos  neque  patres  nostri  por- 
tare  potuimus?'   (Asc).     Virg.  Aen.  iii.   158,  '  venturos  .  .  .  nepotes.' 

146.  tranabit :  cp.  viii.   180,  '  transHt  ad  Superos.' 

147.  ipsis.  For  this  use  of  ipse,  cp.  viii.  112,  173.  It  is  common 
in  the  Vulgate;  and  it  occurs  in  Minucius  Felix,  Oct.  9-3  5  ^8.  6; 
30.4;  30.5.  See  the  passage  quoted  from  John  (on  Eel.  iii.  75),  the 
letter  of  Thomas  Wolf,  Jr.,  quoted  on  Eel.  iv.  81,  the  mediaeval 
document  quoted  on  Eel.  ix.  20. 

151.  modo  =  nunc,  as  in  i.  4. 

154.  Marius .  . .  Carbo.  The  early  commentators  could  find  very 
little  point  in  these  proper  names.  Ascensius  suspected  a  play  on  the 
word  carbo ;  Andreas  Vaurentinus  suggested  that  the  names  were 
loosely  used,  by  a  rustic  speaker,  'like  Pollux  for  Paulus  (vii.  i).' 

167.  Cp.  Ovid,  Her.  vi.  21,  credula  res  amor  est. 

172.  Baldo:  Monte  Baldo  (7275  ft.),  east  of  the  Lago  di  Garda. 


ECLOGUE  111.  1-S9  127 


ECLOGA  III,  AMYNTAS. 

Agricolae    duram    sort  em,    miserique    furores, 
Fortunatus  et  exitium  deplorat  Amyntae. 

In  the  third  Eclogue  Fortunatus  completes  the  story  which  he  had 
begun  in  the  second.  A  part  of  the  preliminary  discussion  (17-27 
and  32-33)  may  be  compared  with  Petrarch,  Eel.  ix.  (6-27  and  81-82). 

I.  Ilia  ,  .  .  grando.     The  reference  is  to  Eel.  ii.   173,  oritur  grando. 

2-3.  Cp.  Mantuan's  3  Parthen.  (fol.  147  Asc),  '  saepe  boni  quibus 
est  hominum  custodia  divi  \  et  suus  ipse  oculis  se  subiecere  videndos  ' 
(where  Ascensius  explains  divi  as  meaning  spiritns  aut  genii  boni). 
In  the  De  Sacris  Diebus,  divi  regularly  means  the  '  saints.'  For 
divis  gratia,  cp.  Ter.  Ad.  121;  Ovid,  Pont.  iii.  5.  48. 

4.  Harculus :  see  note  on  i.   148. 

8.  substantia  =  '  wealth,'  as  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Writers  and  in 
the  Latin  Bible.  Cp.  Juvencus,  iv.  255;  Paul.  Nol.  xviii.  56, 
'  geminos,  quod  ei  substantia,  nummos.' 

12.  gubernat.  The  earliest  texts  have  the  indicative,  although  the 
clause   seems  to  be  interrogative.     Contrast  involvat,  1.  31. 

16.  Virg.  Eel.  viii.  35,  'nee  curare  deum  credis  mortalia  quemquam.' 
extimo :  '  extimare  pro  aestimare,  interdum  apud  Script.  Ecclesias- 
ticos '  (Du  Cange).  Mantuan  has  the  form  extimat  again,  2 
Parthen.  ii.   509. 

17-27.  Petraioh,  Eel.  ix.  6-27, '  rastra  manu  versans  rigida  scabrosque 
ligones  |  urget  in  arva  boves  sulcoque  annixus  inhaeret.  |  .  •  •  post- 
quam  sudore  exhaustus  anhelo  |  spes  cernit  florere  suas  iamque  horrea 
laxat,  I  ecce,  fremens  sata  culta  truci  vertigine  nimbus  |  obruit,  et 
longos  anni  brevis  hora  labores  |  una  necat,'  etc.  Virg.  Eel.  vui. 
43,  duris  in  cotibus.  insidias  intentat :  cp.  ii.  44,  insidias  tendebat. 
incalluit :  cp.  viii.  25,  callosa. 

31.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  599,  omnium  egenos. 

32-33.  Petrarch,  Eel.  ix,  81-82,  '  falleris,  ah  demens  ;  nam  iusta  et 
sera  merentes  |  pastores  ferit  ira  Dei  populumque  rebellem.' 

39.  Hor.  Od.  i.  11.  i,  scire  nefas. 

40.  Cp.  ii.  78,  nostrum  repetamus  Amyntam. 

41-42.  Cp.  i.  118,  'id  commune  malum,  semel  insanivimus  omnes.' 
43.   Cp.  i.  51,  tollat  de  cardine  mentem. 

46.  Cosmas  is  unfortunately  hard  to  identify.  Perhaps  he  is  only 
an  ideal  person. 

47,  Cp.  ii.  27,  nostros  repetamus  atnores. 

50.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  i.  30  and  68,  longo  post  tempore. 
53.  fabula.     Cp.  Hor.  Epod.  xi.  8,  per  urbem  .  .  .  fabula  quanta  fui\ 
Id.   Ep.   i.    13.   9,   fabula  fias ;    Ov.   Am.   iii.    i.   21;   Tibull.   i.   4,   83; 

ii.  '?.  ^  I  *  etc. 

57.  Cp.  Tac.  Ann.  i.  34.  3,  curvata  senio  membra. 

59.  somnolentum.  The  word  is  used  with  the  same  quantity  m  a 
mediaeval  Latin  poem  (C.  Pascal.  Poesia  lafina  medievale,  Catania, 
1907,  p.  1 14). 


128  ECLOGUE  III.  73-145 

y^.  Contrast  Mantuan's  De  Sacris  Diebus  (St.  Urban's  Day,  May 
25),  *  iam  tondentur  oves.'  Cp.  Varro,  R.  R.  ii.  11.  7-8,  *  oves  hirtas 
tondent  circiter  hordeaceam  messem,  in  aliis  locis  ante  faenisicia. 
quidam  has  bis  in  anno  tondent,  ut  in  Hispania  citeriore,  ac  semen- 
stres  faciunt  tonsuras.' 

75.  conflare  putabam.  Cp.  line  141,  'qui  flectere  dives  |  creditis;^ 
vi.  133,  '  veriere  in  aurum  |  aestimat ;  '  and  Mantuan's  Alfonsus,  Bk. 
iii  (fol..  278),  '  Bucarem  Maurum  qui  fortibus  armis  |  Hesperiam 
delere  puians  traiecerat  aequor  |  perdomui.'  So  in  the  Latin  Bible, 
John,  V.  39,  *  scrutamini  scripturas.  quia  vos  putatis  in  ipsis  vitam 
aeternam  habere.''  Cp.,  also,  Amm.  Marc.  xiv.  11,  34,  scrutari  puta- 
bit ;  Tertull.  An.  38,  tegere  senserunt  (E.  Lofstedt,  Beitrdge  zur 
Kenntnis  der  spdieren  Latinitdt,   Uppsala,   1907,  pp.  59-62). 

83-85.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  71,  *  aurea  mala  decern  misi ;  ^Ib.  ii.  45-55, 
'  tibi  lilia  plenis  [  ecce  ferunt  Nymphae  calathis,'  etc. ;  lb.  iii.  68-69, 
'  parta  meae  Veneri  sunt  munera :  namque  notavi  |  ipse  locum,  aeriae 
quo  congessere  palumbes.'  Cp.  Prop.  iii.  34.  71,  *  felix  qui  viles  pomis 
mercaris  amores.' 

86.  Ovid,  A.  A.  ii.  277-8,  '  aurea  sunt  vere  nunc  saecula.  plurimus 
auro  I  venit  honos  ;  auro  conciliatur  amor.' 

87.  Cp.  ii.   167,  invida  res  amor  est. 

Ql.  Cd.  Ter.  Phorni.  504,  quoi  quod  amas  domisi. 

97.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  76,  aliena  ex  arbore  gernien. 

103-8.  TibuU.  i.  I.  59-62,  '  te  spectem,  suprema  mihi  cum  venerit 
hora,  I  te  teneam  moriens  deficiente  manu.  |  flebis  et  arsuro  positum 
me,  Delia,  lecto,  [  tristibus  et  lacrimis  oscula  mixta  dabis ;  '  i.  3.  57-8, 
'  sed  me,  quod  facilis  tenero  sum  semper  Amori,  |  ipsa  Venus  campos 
ducet  in  Elysios.' 

109.  Virg.  Aen.  vi.  550,  '  quae  rapidus  flammis  ambit  torrentibus 
amnis,  |  Tartareus  Phlegethon.' 

115.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  371,  *  texendae  saepes  etiam  et  pecus  omne 
tenendum ;'  lb.  iv,  10,  *neque  oves  haedique  petulci  |  floribus  insultent.' 

117-24.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  V.  40-44,  spargite  hiunum  foliis,  etc.  ista : 
applied  to  what  follows,  as  at  viii.  95. 

130.  Cp.  Tibull.  i.  I.  63-64,  *  flebis  :  non  tua  sunt  duro  praecordia 
ferro  ]  vincta,  neque  in  tenero  stat  tibi  corde  silex  ;  '  Ov.  Am.  i.  II. 
9,  *  nee  silicum  venae  nee  durum  in  pectore  ferrum.' 

134.  meos  vultus  averterit :  apparently  a  variation  on  such  Bibli- 
cal phrases  as  Ps.  21,  25,  'nee  avertit  jaciem  suam  a  me  ;  '  Ps.  26,  9, 
'  ne  averias  faciem  tuam  a  me.' 

138.  Ovid,  Met.  i.  523,  '  hei  mihi,  quod  nullis  amor  est  sanabilis 
herbis.' 

139.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  391,  si  credere  dignum  est  (repeated,  Aen.  vi. 
173).     So  Ovid,  Met.  iii.  311. 

141.  Virg.  Aen.  vii.  312,  flectere ...  Superos.  With  flectere... 
creditis  cp.  line  75,  conflare  putabam. 

143-4.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  291-3,  *  sed  me  Parnasi  deserta  per  ardua 
dulcis  I  raptat  amor ;  iuvat  ire  iugis,  qua  nulla  priorum  |  Castaliam 
molli  devertitur  orbita  clivo ; '  lb.  ii.  471,  '  ilHc  saltus  ac  lustra 
ferarum;  '  Aen.  iii.  646,  'in  silvis  inter  deserta  ferarum  |  lustra.' 

145.  talia  iactantem:  a  Virgilian  phrase,  Aen.  i.  102;  ii.  588; 
ix.  621, 


ECLOGUE  III.  147-194  129 

147.  nox  intempesta :  a  Virgilian  phrase,  Geor.  i.  247;  Aen.  iii. 
587;  xii.  846.     Cp.  Lucr.  v.  986. 

150.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  528,  simplicis  herbae. 

151.  Cp.  Catull.  64.  242,  *  anxia  in  assiduos  absumens  lumina  fletus.' 
156.  Virg.  Aen.  ii.  237,  fatalis  ynackina. 

161.  Cp.  i.  52,  'nee  deus  (ut  perhibent)  Amor  est,  sed  amaror  et 
error.' 

164.  Virg.  Aen.  vi.  882,  hezi  miserande  puer. 

165.  Cp.  Juv.  vii.  194-6,  '  distat  enim,  quae  |  sidera  te  excipiant 
modo  primos  incipientem  |  edere  vagitus  et  adhuc  a  matre  rubentem.' 

167.  Virg.  Aen.  ii.  87,  prirnis .  .  .  ab  annis.  inf ortunarit :  cp. 
Mantuan's  Trophaeum,  Bk.  ii  (fol.  334),  '  deo  extremos  inforiunante 
labores.'  Du  Cange  cites  the  verb  only  from  a  Paris  missal:  'Deus 
.  . ,  quo  benedicente  nemo  infortunabit.'' 

169.  Virg.  Eel.  X.  51,  modulabor  avena;  Calpurn.  i.  93,  modulemur 
avena ;  lb.  iv.  63,  carmen  niodulatus  avena. 

171.  Juv.  vii.  29,  ut  venias  dignus  hederis ;  Ovid,  Met.  xi.  165, 
lauro  Parnaside  vinctus. 

174.  Tityrus  means  Virgil,  as  in  ii.  9.  Cp.  Yirg..  Eel.  ii.  i,  *  for- 
mosum  pastor  Corydon  ardebat  Alexim  '  (on  which  Servius  says, 
'  Corydonis  in  persona  Vergilius  intellegitur.  Caesar  Alexis  in  persona 
inducitur').  In  Juan  del  Encina's  paraphrase  of  Virgil's  second 
Eclogue  King  Ferdinand  takes  the  place  of  Alexis. 

179.  Virg.  Eel.  iv.  ii,  decus  hoc  aevi;  lb.  v.  34,  tu  decus  omne 
tuis;   Ovid,  Pont.  ii.  8.  25,  saecli  decus  indelebile  nostri. 

181.  Ovid,  Met.  xi.  47,  '  lacrimis  quoque  flumina  dicunt  |  increvisse 
suis  '   (cited  by  loannes  Murmellius). 

182-5.  Virg.  Eel.  v.  24,  '  non  ulli  pastos  illis  egere  diebus  ]  frigida, 
Daphni,  boves  ad  flumina ;  '  lb.  35,  '  ipsa  Pales  agros  atque  ipse  re- 
liquit  Apollo ;  '  lb.  40,  '  spargite  humum  foliis.' 

188.  Hebr.  xi.  16,  '  meliorem  [patriam]  appetunt,  id  est,  coelestem.' 

192-4.  Virg.  Eel.  vi.  85-86,  '  cogere  donee  oves  stabulis  numerumque 
referre  |  iussit  et  invito  processit  Vesper  Olympo.'  For  the  '  star 
that  bids  the  shepherd  fold'  (the  o-arrip  ahluK  of  Apoll.  Rhod.  iv. 
1630)  cp.  Calpurn.  ii.  93-94,  '  sed  fugit  ecce  dies  revocatque  crepus- 
cula  Vesper ;  |  hinc  tu,  Daphni,  greges,  illinc  agat  Alphesiboeus ;' 
Nemes.  ii.  89-90,  '  frigidus  e  silvis  donee  descendere  suasit  |  Hesperus 
et  stabulis  pastos  inducere  tauros ;  '  Boccaccio,  Eel.  ii.  i52-3>  '  ast 
ocior  Hesperus  haedos  |  egit  ut  ad  septas  traherem,  caprosque 
Melampus.' 


130  ECLOGUE  IV.  3-70 


ECLOGA  IV,  ALPHUS. 

Amissum  memorat  caprum  puerique  furorem 

I  annus,  et  ingenium  notat  hinc  Alphus  muliebre. 

The  fourth  Eclogue — the  most  famous  of  the  series — is  a  satire  on 
the  ways  of  women.  The  topic  had  been  a  prime  favorite  with 
mediaeval  writers  :  for  some  of  the  abundant  literature  on  the  subject, 
see  A.  Tobler,  Zeitschrift  fiir  romanische  Philologie,  ix  (1885),  288- 
290;  D.  Comparetti,  Virgilio  nel  Medio  Evo,  ii.^  112  ff. ;  C.  Pascal, 
Poesia  latina  tnedievale  (1907),  pp.  1 51- 184,  and  Letteratura  latina 
medievale  (1909),  pp.  107-115.  Mantuan's  discourse  (lines  110-241) 
is  put  into  the  mouth  of  one  of  his  early  teachers,  Gregorio  Tifernate 
—just  how  appropriately,  it  is  hard  to  say.  Certainly,  there  is  noth- 
ing in  Gregorio's  published  poems  to  suggest  that  he  was  a  misogynist 
above  all  others  of  his  day  and  generation.  Possibly  the  youthful 
author  meant  merely  to  imply  that  his  knowledge  of  the  subject  was 
only  second-hand. 

3-4.  The  symptoms  of  the  sick  animal  are  dutifully  borrowed  from 
Virgil;  cp.  Geor.  iii.  466,  ?nedio  procunibere  campo  \  pascentem;  lb. 
465,  sumnias  carpentem  ignavius  herbas ;  Eel.  v.  26,  nee  graminis 
attigit  her  bam. 

13.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  69,  quo  congessere  palumbes.  philomena :  for 
the  spelling,  see  i.  27  «. 

15.  qui  non  credit,  etc.  '  Quia  qualis  quisque  est,  talem  iudicat 
quemlibet :  et  ita,  qui  fidus  non  est,  neminem  fidum  existimat '  (As- 
censius)  ;  'quia  infidus  et  alios  infidos  putat '  (Andreas  Vaurentinus). 
Cp.  the  two  '  emblemes  '  at  the  close  of  the  May  eclogue  of  Spenser's 
Shepheards  Calender :  Haf  fiev  cntioTo^  airiaTei,  and  T^k'  ^'  o.pa  TziaTiq 
nTrioTif).  Perhaps  Alphus  means  that  the  man  who  does  not  trust  his 
neighbor  is  not  trusted  (or  trustworthy)  himself. 

17-  Virg,  Aen.  ii.  13.     ineipiam.     fraeti  bello,  etc. 

41.   Virg.  Aen.  v.  591,  irremeabilis  error. 

44.  resero.  The  poet's  brother  Tolomeo  defended  a  similar  use  of 
reserare,  in  the  Alfonsus  (animas  reseraret  ab  Oreo),  by  citing  Virgil, 
Aen.  ii.  258-9,  '  inclusos  utero  Danaos  et  pinea  furtim  |  laxat  claustra 
Sinon  '  {Apologia,  Lyons  ed.,  1516,  fol.  Cc.  v). 

46-49.  Cp.  Thomas  Middleton,  The  Witch  (ed.  A.  H.  Bullen,  vol. 
V.  p.  366).  Further  details  as  to  the  witches'  flight,  etc.,  may  be 
found  in  Delrio,  Disquisitiones  magicae,  lib.  ii,  quaest.  16  (Moguntiae, 
1624,  pp.  167  if.). 

52.  pedum  meditans.  In  some  of  the  later  editions  the  line  is  re- 
written :  dutnque  nemus  subeo  meditans  mecum,  ecce  per  umbras. 

56.  runca :  '  Runca  dicitur  ferreum  instrumentum,  seu  sarculum, 
quo  sentes  et  herbae  runcantur  aut  evelluntur  '  (Du  Cange). 

70.  mulieribus.  Cp.  muUere,  iv.  206  and  vi.  57;  mulierum,  iv. 
245;  Boccaccio,  Eel.  vii.  124,  mulieribus.  For  the  e  in  the  obliqur 
cases  of  mulier,  Quicherat  cites  Venant.  Fort.  viii.  6;  Dracontius, 
Satis/.    t6i  ;   and   it   is  not  uncommon   in   mediaeval    Latin  hexameters, 


ECLOGUE  IV.  81-100  131 

The  usage  was  criticized  by  Mantuan's  contemporaries,  but  his 
brother  Tolomeo  could  cite  the  authority  of  Laurentius  Valla  and 
Gregorio  Tifernate   {Apologia,  Lyons  ed.,  1 5 16,  fol.  Ee,  iv). 

81.  Umber  means  Gregorio  Tifernate   (Gregorio  da  Citta  di  Cas- 
tello),   as   Mantuan   himself   explained   to  Thomas   Wolf,   Jr.,   in   the 
year    1500:  'Ego,    mi    lacobe,    sicut    multa    alia    ita    hoc    praecipue 
quaesivi,  quid  ipse  in  aeglogis  suis  intelligi  desyderaret  per  Vmbrum, 
in  cuius  laudibus  esset  tam   frequens   ac  assiduus.     Aiebat  ipse  a  se 
notari    Gregorium    tiphernum    praeceptorem    suum,'    etc.     (Letter    to 
Jakob  Wimpfeling,  Feb.   24,    1503,   printed  in   the  Tubingen   edition 
of  the  Eclogues,  15 15).     Gregorio  was  born  about  1414-     He  studied 
at  Perugia,  and  afterwards  spent  some  years  in  Greece.     Returning 
to  Italy,  he  taught  Greek  at  Naples,  where  (c.  1447)  he  had  Gioviano 
Pontano   as   one   of  his   pupils.     From    1449   to    1455   he   was  in   the 
service    of    Pope    Nicholas    V,    for    whom    he    made    translations    of 
several    Greek    works.     After    the    death    of   his    patron    (March    25, 
1455)  he  taught  for  a  short  time  at  Milan;  and  toward  the  close  of 
1456  he  went  to  France,  to  the  court  of  Charles  VIL     On  Jan.   19, 
1458,   he    was    appointed    professor   of    Greek    at    the    University   of 
Paris;   but   early  in   September,    1459,   he   returned   to    Italy.     From 
April,  1460,  to  December,  146 1,  he  seems  to  have  taught  at  Mantua, 
and   the   remainder   of  his  life   was   spent   at   Venice.     He   seems   to 
have  died  about  1464.     [The  unpublished  '  Vita '  of  Gregorio,   Cod. 
Vat.   Lat.    6845,    foil.    157-161,    contains    very   little    information    be- 
yond what  may  be  gleaned,  or  inferred,  from  his  own  poems.     Some 
additional    facts   are    furnished   by    F.    Gabotto,   Ancora   un   letterato^ 
del    Quattrocento     (1890),    pp.     7-23;     L.     Delaruelle,    Melanges    d' 
archeologie    et   d'    histoire,    xix    (1899),    9-33;    L.    Thuasne,    Roberti 
Gaguini  E pistole  et  Orationes  (1903),  i.  10-12]. 

82-83.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  52,  quin  age,  si  quid  habes\  Ibid.  ix.  45, 
numeros  memini,  si  verba  tenerem;  lb.  ix.  38,  neque  est  ignobtle 
carmen. 

87-88.  Cp.  Virg.  Ed.  iii.  20,  *  Tityre,  coge  pecus;'  tu  post  carecta 
latebas.  For  the  rustic  realism,  cp.  i.  44-47.  and  note,  obsit :  cp. 
iii.  115,  ne  floribus  obsit. 

90.  Cp.  i.  175,  vineta  subintrat. 

93.  '  et :  i.  e.  etiam  ;  pampineos  .  .  .  agios  :  i.  e.  vineas  '  (Asc). 
98-99.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  332,  aut  Rhodopen  aut  alia  Ceraunia.  Cp. 
'Umber's'  own  reference  to  his  long  journeyings  :  '  lunior  Eurotae 
potavi  fluminis  undam,  |  de  Ligeri  factus  grandior  amne  bibo.  \ 
vidimus  Oceanum  mare,  vidimus  Hellespontum :  |  sic  voluit  longas 
nos  Deus  ire  vias,'  Gregorii  Tipherni  Poetae  clariss.  Opuscula, 
Venetiis,  1498,  fol.  c.  iii.  [This  quotation  is  taken  from  a  copy  m 
the  Library  of  the  University  of  Turin.  There  is  another  copy  ol 
the  same  edition  at  the  University  of  Padua;  and  Voigt-Lehnerdt 
report  a  third  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Berlin.] 

100.  referebat  carmina.  None  of  Gregorio's  translations  of  Greek 
verse  have  been  preserved.  His  translations  of  prose  authors  (all 
of  them  dedicated  to  Nicholas  V)  are  as  follows:  (i)  Aristotle. 
Magna  Moralia  and  Eudemian  Ethics;  (2)  Dio  Chrysostom,  De 
Regno-    (3)    Strabo,  De  Situ   Orbis,  lib.   xi-xvii    (the   first  ten  books 


132  ECLOGUE  IV.  io5-i4g 

were  translated  by  Guarino)  ;  (4)  Theophrastus,  four  fragments 
{Metaphysica,  De  Natura  Ignis,  De  Piscibus,  De  Vertigine)  ;  (5) 
Timaeus  Locrensis,  De  Miindi  Fabrica.  [I  owe  this  note  to  Dr.  D. 
P.  Lockwood,  of  Columbia  University.] 

105.  Candidus  means  Mantuan  himself,  as  in  Eclogues  IX  and 
X.  ^  Cp.  the  reference  in  Euricius  Cordus,  Ed.  ii,  '  Candidus  est, 
gelida  qui  Faustum  lusit  in  umbra,  |  ut  retulit  veteres  Gallam  quibus 
arserat  ignes.' 

108.  Virg.  Eel.  vii.  21,  Nymphae,  noster  amor,  Libethrides. 

109.  plus:  '  subaudi  caeteris.  alioqui  dixisset  plurimum '  (As- 
censius). 

no.  Cp.  a  letter  of  Aeneas  Silvius  (to  Hippolytus  of  Milan,  1446), 
Remediuni  contra  amorem  :  '  Mulier  est  animal  imperfectum,  varium, 
fallax,  multis  moribus  passionibusque  subiectum,  sine  fide,  sine 
timore,  sine  constantia,  sine  pietate.  de  his  loquor  mulieribus  quae 
turpes  admittunt  amores.'  For  a  longer  string  of  such  uncompli- 
mentary epithets  (with  a  similar  saving  clause  at  the  end)  see 
Martinez  de  Toledo,  Corvacho  (1438),  Madrid  ed.,  1901,  p.  61.  Cp., 
also,  Boccaccio's  Corbaccio  (Florence  ed.,  1828,  p.  199):  '  Ora  io 
non  t'  ho  detto  quanto  questa  perversa  moltitudine  sia  golosa  ritrosa 
e  ambiziosa,  invidiosa  accidiosa  iracunda  e  delira,  ne  quanto  ella 
nel  farsi  servire  sia  imperiosa  noiosa  vezzosa  stomacosa  e  importuna, 
e  altre  cose  assai,'  etc. 

112.  extremis  gaudet.  So  La  Bruyere,  Des  Femtnes,  53,  *  Les 
femmes  sont  extremes  :  elles  sont  meilleures  ou  pires  que  les  homraes.' 

114.  Virg.   Geor.  i.  211,   brumae  intractabilis. 

115.  Virg.  Aen.  x.  273-5,  '  aut  Sirius  ardor  ]  .  .  .  laevo  contristat 
lumine  caelum.'     Canis  is  probably  the  genitive. 

1 1 7.  amat . . .  odit.  Cp.  Publil.  Syr.  Sent.,  '  aut  amat  aut  odit 
mulier,  nil  est  tertium ; '  also,  the  line  in  a  mediaeval  poem,  'Aut 
amat  aut  odit:  medium  non  femina  novit '  (C.  Pascal,  Poesia  laiina 
medievale,  Catania,  1907,  p.  179).  capitaliter  odit:  the  expression 
is  cited  from  Amm.  Marc.  21.  16.  11. 

118.  hernica:  cp.  Mantuan's  Alfonsus,  Bk.  ii  (fol.  269),  '  facili 
minus  hernica  vultu.' 

124.  Cp.  Virg.  Aen.  iv.  569,  varium  et  m.utabile  semper  \  femina. 

129.  ganeae :  '  gluttony.'  For  the  quantity,  cp.  Prud.  Hamart. 
322,  gdneonis;  Id.  Psych.  343,  gdnearum;  Sidon.  v.  340,  gdnea. 

132-3.  Ovid,  Met.  ii.  467,  distuleratque  graves  in  idonea  tempora 
poenas. 

134.  litigiosa :  cp.  Juv.  vi.  242,  '  nulla  fere  causa  est  in  qua  non 
femina  litem  |  moverit.' 

135  fT.  :  echoed  in  Two  Italian  Gentletnen  (1584),  938-943,  Malone 
Society  Reprint,  1910,  through  L.  Pasqualigo  (see  p.  56)  :  '  Busie 
they  are  with  pen  to  write  our  vices  in  our  face.  But  negligent  to 
knowe  the  blemish  of  their  owne  disgrace.  Gestures  and  lookes  in 
readinesse  at  their  command  they  haue.  Mirth,  sorrowe,  feare,  hope,' 
etc. 

146-9.  Cp.  the  close  of  the  fable  ^  De  muliere  et  proco  sua'  (L. 
Hervieux,  Les  fabulistes  latins,  ii.  487)  :  '  Hie  dicitur,  quod  mulier 
habet  omnes  artes  Dyaboli  et  adhuc  ulterius  artem  unam.  De  visis 
enim  decipit  veluti  de  non  visis.' 


ECLOGUE  IV.  150-212  133 

150  If.  The  examples  cited,  here  and  in  lines  207  ff.,  had  long 
been  stock  examples  in  treatises  on  this  subject.  Cp.  St.  Jerome, 
Adv.  lov.  Bk.  i.  (ii.  292  Migne),  'quid  referam  Pasiphaen,  Clytem- 
nestram,  et  Eriphylam  .  .  .  quidquid  tragoediae  tument,  et  domes 
urbes  regnaque  subvertit,  uxorum  pellicumque  contentio  est.  arman- 
tur  parentum  in  liberos  manus :  nefandae  apponuntur  epulae :  et 
propter  unius  mulierculae  raptum  Europa  atque  Asia  decennali  bello 
confligunt.' 

156.  subicit :  cp.  Lucan,  vii.  574,  ipse  inanu  subicit  gladios;  Sil. 
Ital.  i.  113,  subicitque  haud  niollia  dicta. 

161.  luxuriae  means  Must',  as  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Writers:  Paul. 
Nol.  XXV.  10 ;  Prudent.  Perist.  xiii.  25  ;  etc. 

176.  The  names  all  occur  in  Virgil's  Eclogues. 

178.  An  unusual  version  of  the  story.  C.  G.  Leland,  Legends  of 
Florence,  New  York,  1895,  p.  236,  mentions  '  the  fact  that  Eurydice 
was   lost   for   tasting   a   pomegranate,'   but   omits   to   state   where    the 

*  fact '  is  recorded.     Cp.  Ovid,  Met.  ix.  600,  si  non  male  sana  fuissem. 

180.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  39,  '  nee  repetita  sequi  curet  Proserpina  matrem.' 

181-3.  Virg.  Aen.  vi.  119-23,  'si  potuit  manes  arcessere  coniugis 
Orpheus  |  ...  si  fratrem  Pollux  alterna  morte  redemit,  |  itque  reditque 
viam  totiens — quid  Thesea  magnum,  |  quid  memorem  Alciden  ?  et  mi 
genus  ab  love  summo;'  Hor.  Od.  i.  12.  26,  '  hunc  equis,  ilium  su- 
perare  pugnis   |  nobilem.' 

184.  Boccaccio,  Eel.  xiv.  207  (of  the  Redeemer),  inde  salus  venit 
et  vita  renatis. 

194-5.  Cp.  iii.  65-66. 

196-7.  Cp.  Brunetto  Latini,  Li  Tresors,  i.  5.  132  (of  the  Cocodrille), 
'  Et  se  il  vaint  1'  ome,  il  le  manjue  en  plorant ;  '  lb.  i.  5.  191  (of  the 
Hiene),  *  et  ensuit  les  maisons  et  estables,  et  contrefait  la  voiz  des 
gens,  et  ainsi  decoit  sovent  les  homes  et  les  chiens,  et  les  devore ;  ' 
Philippe  de  Thaiin,  Bestiaire,  717-18  (of  the  Cocodrille),  '  S'  il  pot, 
ume  devure,  |  Quant  mangie  1'  at,  si  plure ; '  Perotti,  Cornucopiae 
(of  the  crocodile),  '  conspecto  homine  emittit  lacrimas ;  mox  appro- 
pinquantem  devorat;'  (of  the  hyena),  '  humanum  sermonem  inter 
pastorum  stabula  assimilare  dicitur,  nomenque  alicuius  discere  quern 
foras  evocatum  dilaceret.  vomitionem  etiam  hominis  imitari  ad  sol- 
licitandos  canes  quos  invadat ; '  Cecco  d'  Ascoli,  XL   (of  the  hyena), 

*  contraf a  Ihumana  uoce  |  per  deuorar  Ihumana  creatura '  (Venice 
ed.  1487);  Mantuan,  Alfonsus,  Bk.  v.  fol.  293,  *  callida  et,  ut  per- 
hibent,  nostrae  aemula  vocis  hyaena.' 

200-1.  Ovid,  Met.  iv.  780-1,  '  se  tamen  horrendae  clipei  quem  laeva 
gerebat  |  aere  repercussam  formam  aspexisse  Medusae;'  lb.  551, 
'  saxificae  ...  Medusae  ; '  Met.  v.   217,   '  saxificos  vultus  ...  Medusae.' 

204.  fluvioriim :  for  the  scansion,  cp.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  482,  fluviorum 
rex  Eridanus.  aspris :  for  the  form,  cp.  Virg.  Aen.  ii.  379,  aspris 
. . .  sentibus. 

207  ff.  '  Plebeii  ac  triviales  sunt  versiculi :  Adatn,  Samsonem,  Lot, 
Davidem,  Solomonem,  \  Femina  decepit;  quis  modo  tutus  erii? ' 
(Ascensius). 

212.  Prud.  Hamart.  264-5,  'nee  enim  contenta  decore  ]  ingenito 
externam  mentitur  femina  formam.' 


\ 


134  ECLOGUE  IV.  213-251 

213.  Prud.  Hamart.  272,  '  aureolisque  riget  coma  texta  catenis/ 

216.  Cp.  Virg.  Ed.  iii.  64-5,  '  malo  me  Galatea  petit,  lasciva  puella, 
I  et  fugit  ad  salices,  et  se  cupit  ante  videri.' 

217.  dare.     Cp.  Catull.  ex.  4,  'nee  das  et  fers  saepe.' 

218.  Cp.  Ov.  A.  A.  i.  665-6,  'pugnabit  primo  fortassis  et  '  improbe  ' 
dicet :  |  pugnando  vinci  se  tamen  ilia  volet.'' 

219.  Gellius,  ii.  22.  24,  'est  etiam  ventus  nomine  caecias,  quern 
Aristoteles  ita  flare  dicit  ut  nubes  non  procul  propellat,  sed  ut  ad 
sese  ^vocet,  ex  quo  versum  istum  proverbialem  factum  ait :  "EAawv 
k<f  avTov  (bare  KaiKia^  vsipog.' 

222.  hie  fragilis  .  . .  sexus.  Cp.  Prud.  Hamart.  277,  '  haec  sexus 
male  fortis  agit,  cui  pectore  in  arto  |  mens  fragilis  facili  vitiorum 
fluctuat  aestu.'  Cp.,  also,  the  poem  A  Ida  (du  Meril,  Poesies  inedites 
du  nioyen  age,  Paris,  1854,  p.  430),  fragili  rigor  in  sexu;  and  the 
expression  femina  res  fragilis,  in  two  other  mediaeval  poems  (C. 
Pascal,  Poesia  latina  medievale,  pp.  154,  155). 

^ZS-  Cp.  Virg,  Geor.  i.  93,  penetrabile  frigus. 

234.  Petrarch,  Ed.  i.  87,  Stygias  fiammas. 

236.  Virg.  Aen.  iii.  216,  ■' foedissima  ventris  !  proluvies  ;  '  lb.  227, 
'  diripiuntque  dapes  contactuque  omnia  foedant  |  immundo.' 

239-40.  Lucan,  Phars.  ix.  624,  '  finibus  extremis  Libyes,  ubi  fervida 
tellusl  accipit  oceanum  demisso  sole  calentem,  |  squalebant  late  Phor- 
cynidos  arva  Medusae.'  These  lines  are  quoted  by  Perotti,  and  as- 
cribed to  Ovid;  and  Ascensius  borrows  both  the  quotation  and  the 
false  reference  in  his  commentary  on   Mantuan. 

244.  rei.     For  the  quantity,  cp.  Lucr.  ii,  112,  548;  vi.  918. 

247,  urbi :  Citta  di  Castello,  on  the  upper  course  of  the  Tiber.  It 
occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tifernum  Tiberinum.  Cp.  Virg. 
Ed.  vi.  73,  quo  se  plus  iactet  Apollo. 

249-50.  Juv.  vii.  55,  carmen  triviale. 

251.  Virg.  Ed.  X.  33,  quam  moUiter  ossa  quiescant. 


EC  LOG  A  V,  CANDIDUS. 

Otia  Sylvanus  miratur  inertia  vatis, 
Candidus  abiectos  queritur  nunc  esse  poetas. 

The  fifth  Eclogue  lifts  up  an  old  complaint  against  the  niggardly 
attitude  of  rich  men  toward  poets — against  '  these  frugal  patrons,  who 
begin  |  To  scantle  learning  with  a  seruile  pay.'  Like  the  fourth,  it 
was  a  youthful  composition  on  a  traditional  subject — a  subject  which 
had  been  touched  on  by  Theocritus,  and  Juvenal,  and  Martial,  and 
Petrarch — and  it  cannot  reflect  anything  in  the  author's  own  ex- 
])erience.  It  is  paraphrased  in  Alexander  Barclay's  fourth  Egloge 
'  treating  of  the  behauour  of  Riche  men  agaynst  Poetes,'  and  imitated 
in  the  October  Aeglogue  of  Spenser's  Shepheards  Calender.  '  E,  K.'s  ' 
comment  on  S]:)enser's  poem  states  that  '  this  Aeglogue  is  made  in 
imitation  of  Theocritus  his  xvi.   Idilion,'  adding — what  most  of  his 


V 


Eclogue  v.  2-58  135 

readers  were  likely  to  know — '  and  the  lyke  also  is  in  Mantuane.' 
But  this  comment  is  misleading,  and  must  have  been  intended  to  be 
misleading.  Spenser's  indebtedness  to  Theocritus  is  exceedingly 
slight ;  but  it  would  doubtless  be  more  impressive  to  refer  one  of 
his  poems  to  a  great  Greek  model  than  to  the  *  homely  Carmelite ' 
whose  Eclogues  were  a  familiar  text-book  in  almost  every  school. 

2.  Virg.  Ed.  V.  2,  c  alamos  in  flare. 

6.  Cp.  Juv.  iii.  165  (and  vi.  357),  res  angusta  domi;  Cic.  Phil. 
xiii.  4.  8,  res  familiaris  ampla. 

7-8.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  177,  nivea  implebunt  mulctraria  vaccae  \  Aen. 
iii.  66,  spumantia  cymbia  lacte. 

9.  Pers.  i.  45,  si  forte  quid  aptius  exit. 

10.  extenditis  aures :  cp.  Seneca,  Ep.  xl.  3  (of  the  proper  delivery 
for  philosophical  teaching),  nee  extendat  aures  nee  obruat. 

11-12.  Juv.  vii.  30-32,  '  didicit  iam  dives  avarus  |  tantum  admirari, 
tantum  laudare  disertos,  {  ut  pueri  lunonis  aVem ;  '  '  So  praysen  babes 
the  Peacoks  spotted  traine,'  Spenser,  S.  C.  x.  31;  T.  Randolph,  An 
Eclogue  to  Master  Jonson,  '  Rich  churls  have  learn't  to  praise  us,  and 
admire,  |  But  have  not  learn't  to  think  us  worth  the  hire.'  Cp.,  also, 
Juv.  i.  74,  '  probitas  laudatur  et  alget.' 

16.  saepe  :  abl.  of  saepes. 

25.   Virg.  Eel.  ix.  51,  omnia  fert  aetas. 

27.  Cp.  TibuU.  ii.  5.  25,  pascebant  herbosa  Palatia  vaccae;  Virg. 
Eel.  ii.  42,  bina  die  siccarit  ovis  ubera. 

28.  Cp.  Juv.  vii.  34-5,  '  taedia  tunc  subeunt  animos,  tunc  seque 
suamque  I  Terpsichoren  odit  facunda  et  nuda  senectus.' 

29.  secundant.  For  the  intransitive  use,  cp.  Boccaccio,  Eel.  vi. 
47,  da  coepta  secundent. 

32.  altera  =  alia. 

IT^.  Cp.  Juv.  vii.  32-3,  '  sed  defluit  aetas  |  et  pelagi  patiens  et 
cassidis  atque  ligonis  ;  '  Virg.  Aen.  i.  599,  omnium  egenos. 

38.  fruges  secat  ore.  This  bit  of  natural  history  was  recorded 
in  the  famous  Greek  treatise  Physiologus.  Cp.  E.  Peters,  Der 
griechische  Physiologus  und  seine  orientalischen  Uebersetzungen, 
Berlin,  1898,  p.  89,  '  Wenn  sie  {sc.  die  Ameise)  die  Nahrung  in  der 
Erde  aufspeichert,  so  beisst  sie  die  Korner  in  zwei  Stiicke,  damit 
nicht  die  Korner  wahrend  des  Winters  keimen  und  sie  Hunger 
leidet.'  Cp.,  also,  Philippe  de'  Thaiiii,  Bestiaire,  931-4,  '  Le  grenet 
que  il  at  |  En  dous  parz  le  fendrat ;  |  Issi  fait  cuintement  ]  Qu'  en 
iver  faim  nel  prent ; '  Guillaume  le  Clerc,  937-40,  '  Chescun  son  grein 
par  mileu  fent  |  E  ensi  le  garde  et  defent,  |  Qu'  il  n'  empire  ne  ne 
porrist  |  Ne  que  nul  germe  n'  i  norrist ;  '  Brunette  Latini,  Lt  Tresors, 
i.  5.  190,  'et  ses  grains  brise  tous  parmi,  porce  que  il  ne  puissent 
naistre  a  la  moistor  de  la  terre ;  '  and  (for  Mantuan's  own  day) 
Perotti's  Cornucopiae,  '  semina  condunt  semirosa,  ne  rursus  in  fruges 

46.  Petrarch,    Eel.    iv.    68,    '  sorte    tua    contentus    abi,    citharamque 

relinque.'  _    .  .        .       ,  . 

58.  fac   nos  gaudere.     Facere   with    the   infinitive   m   the    sense   ol 

"  to    cause    to "    is    common    in    the    Ecclesiastical    Writers.     "  This 


\ 


* 


136  ECLOGUE  V.  6o-g8 

construction  seems  to  have  been  colloquial :  we  find  it  at  least  once 
in  Cic.  {Brut.  142),  in  Lucr.,  Varr.,  Ou.  and  Col.  Its  presence  in 
Verg.  A.  2.  538-9,  is  only  one  of  many  instances  of  V's  taste  for  the 
communis  sermo  "  (W.  C.  Summers,  Select  Letters  of  Seneca,  London. 
1910,  p.  350). 

60-61.  Cp.  Theocritus,  xxv.  50,  oA/.ov  6'  qaXov  edr/Ks  deog  kinfinvm 
fuTcjv  (quoted  by  Florido  Ambrogio,  p.   131). 

64.  f axo  :  archaic,  as  in  Aen.  ix.   154;  xii.  316. 

65.  nodum  Herculis.  Cp.  Macrobius,  i.  19.  16,  '  in  Mercurio  solem 
coli  etiam  ex  caduceo  claret,  quod  Aegyptii  in  specie  draconum  maris 
et  feminae  coniunctorum  figurauerunt  Mercurio  consecrandum.  hi 
dracones  parte  media  uoluminis  sui  in  uicem  nodo,  quern  uocant 
Herculis,  obligantur,'  etc. 

67.  mqMis=i  die  is.  Cp.  viii.  67,  quod .  .  .  inquis ;  x.  53,  ut  Can- 
didus  in  quit. 

70.  Cp.  Ov.  Tr.  i.  I.  39,  '  carmina  proveniunt  animo  deducta 
sereno ;'  Juv.  vii.  53-56,  '  sed  vatem  egregium  .  .  .  anxietate  carens 
animus  facit ;  '  lb.  63-64. 

72.  squarrosa :  a  rare  word,  cited  only  from  Lucilius :  '  squarrosi 
a  squamarum  similitudine  dicti,  quorum  cutis  exsurgit  ob  assiduam 
illuviem.'  situs  occupat  ora :  cp.  Virg,  Aen.  iv.  499,  pallor  simul 
occupat  ora ;  Tibull.  i.   10.  50,  occupat  arma  situs. 

75.  Cp.  iv.  67,  '  ut  ad  formam  faciat  pudor.' 

78.   Cp.  *  Itala,'  Ps.   143.   13,  cellaria  eorum  plena. 

80.  Virg.  Eel.  i.  36,  '  gravis  aere  domum  mihi  dextra  redibat.' 

82.  ludos  inarare :  '  id  securi  faciunt  rustici,  divinare  facientes 
quem  sulcum  tetigerint '    (Asc). 

86.  Tityrus  means  Virgil,  as  in  ii.  9. 

89.  Cp.  Mart.  viii.  55.  5,  '  sint  Maecenates,  non  derunt,  Flacce, 
Marones  ;  '  Juv.  vii.  69-71,  'nam  si  Vergilio  puer  et  tolerabile  desset 
I  hospitium,  caderent  omnes  a  crinibus  hydri,  |  surda  nihil  gemeret 
grave  bucina.' 

90-91.  Cp.  Juv.  vii.  59-61,  *  nee  enim  cantare  sub  antro  |  Pierio 
thyrsumque  potest  contingere  maesta  |  paupertas '  (' Ne  wont  with 
crabbed  care  the  Muses  dwell,'  Spenser,  S.  C.   x.   loi). 

96.  Cosmi :  Cosimo  de'  Medici,  'the  Elder'  (1389-1464).  His 
wealth  was  proverbial;  cp.  a  letter  of  Aeneas  Silvius  (to  Petrus 
Noxetanus,  1446)  :  '  Non  habes  opes  Cos^ni:  at  Marceili  habes.' 

97.  Pers.  i.  67,  in  luxum  et  prandia  regiim. 

98.  patinam  Aesopi.  Plin.  N.  H.  x.  51,  141,  '  Clodi  Aesopi 
tragici  histrionis  patina  HS  C  taxata,  in  qua  posuit  aves  cantu  aliquo 
aut  humano  sermone  vocales,  HS  vi  singulas  coemptas,  nulla  alia 
inductus  suavitate  nisi  ut  in  his  imitationem  hominis  manderet,'  etc. 
This  '  patin  of  Esope ',  as  Alexander  Barclay  translates  it,  was 
proverbial.  Beroaldo  has,  '  lam  patina  Esopi  caedat :  iam  luxus 
Apici :  I  et  Ptolomeorum  prodiga  luxuries'  (/«  cacnam  datam  prin- 
cipi  Bentivolo  a  Mino  Roscio,  Lyons  ed.  1492).  Cp.  also,  the 
Lamentationes  novae  obscurorum  Reuchlinistarufn,  xi  (Henricus 
Haversack  to  Joannes  Smoerpot),  'Vale  ad  longos  Nestoris  annos,  et 
Aesopi  patinas  nobis  ad  caenam  para.'  clipeumve  Minervae. 
Sueton.    Ft'/,,    xiii.    2,    *  patinae,    quam    ob    immensam    magnitudinem 


ECLOGUE  V.  gg-igo 

citpeum  Mincrvae  TTokiohxov  dictitabat.  in  hac  scarorum  iocinera, 
phasianarum  et  pavonum  cerebella,  linguas  phoinicopterum  . . .  com- 
miscuit.'  [These  two  phrases  were  explained  by  loannes  Murmellius, 
in  his  Scoparius   (1517)-] 

99.  regis  laribus.     Nero's  Golden  House    (Sueton.  Nero,  31). 

100.  aenea  barba :  Aenobarbi,  a  family  name  of  the  Domitian 
gens   (Sueton.  Nero,  i). 

loi.  The  speaker  explains  his  more  than  pastoral  enlightenment: 
cp.  vi.  58-59;  vii.  10;  viii.  153-5;  ix.  200;  also,  vi.  220  and  note. 

104.  Juv.  XV.  173-4,  'Pythagoras,  cunctis  animalibus  abstinuit  qui 
I  tamquam  homine  et  ventri  indulsit  non  omne  legumen ;  '  lb.  iii. 
229,  '  unde  epulum  possis  centum  dare  Pythagoreis ;  '  lb.  iii.  203, 
'  lectus  erat  Codro  Procula  minor,  urceoli  sex,'  etc. 

108-9.  Cp.  ii.  45-47. 

109.  Hor.  Ep.  i.  I.  4-5,  artnis  \  Herctilis  ad  postern  fixis. 

123.  Cp.  Hor.  Ep.  i.  6.  37,  regina  Pecunia;  Juv.  i.  112,  inter  nos 
sanctissima  divitiarum   \   maiesias. 

129.  subsannet.  The  verb  is  a  common  one  in  the  Latin  Bible 
and  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Writers  :  e.  g.  -2  Par.  30.  10,  illis  irridenti- 
bus  et  subsannantibiis  eos. 

136.  Petrarch,  Eel.  iv.  70,  posceris  auxilium:  tu  consulisl  Mart, 
ii.  30,  6,  quod  peto  da,  Gai:  non  peto  consilium.  sed.  The 
Bologna  edition  of  1502  reads  sum. 

145  ff.  Cp.  T.  Lodge,  A  Fig  for  Momus  (i595).  E<^1-  "i»  'To 
Rowland  ' :  '  But  now,  these  frugal  patrons,  who  begin  |  To  scantle 
learning  with  a  seruile  pay,  |  Make  Poets  count  their  negligence  no 
sinne  :  |  The  cold  conceit  of  recompence  doth  lay  |  Their  fierie  furie 
when  they  should  begin,  j  The  priest  unpaid,  can  neither  sing  nor 
say,  I  Nor  poets  sweetlie  write,  excepte  they  meete  |  With  sound 
rewards,  for  sermoning  so  sweete.' 
151.  ganea.     See  iv.   129;?. 

166  IT.  Cp.  Palingenius,  Zodiacus  Vitae,  ii.  549  (Basel  ed.,  1548, 
p.  29)  :  '  si  qua  tamen  donant,  dant  scurris,  dantque  cynaedis,  |  dant 
lenis  potius,  dant  scortis  callipareis :  j  nemo  dabit  vati,  Musae 
spernuntur  ubique.' 

176.  trivialibus  :  cp.  iv.  249-50,  trivialia  . . .  carmina. 
181.  Cp.  Hor.  Ep,  i.  10.  29,  vero  distinguere  falsum. 
190.  Cp.  Hor.  Ep.  i.  I.  52,  vilius  argentum  est  aura,  virtutibus  aurum. 


ECLOGA  VI,  CORNIX. 

Comix  enarrat  discrimina  ruris  et  urbis, 
Et  pergit  varios  stultorum  carpere  mores. 

Fulica  repeats  a  story  which  explains  that  the  difference  between 
the  lot  of  the  countryman  and  that  of  the  townsfolk  was  fixed  at 
the  very  beginning,  when  the  Creator  ordained  that  some  of  Eve's 
younger  children  should  be  shepherds,  and  ploughmen,  and  laborers 
in  the  field.     Cornix  retorts  with  a  lively  satire  on  the  evils  of  life 


138  ECLOGUE  VI.  1-57 

in   a   city.     The   poem   is   paraphrased    in    Alexander    Barclay's    fifth 
Egloge  '  of  the  disputation  of  Citizens  and  men  of  the  Countrey.' 

1-5.  Cp.  the  winter  picture   at  the  close  of  Love's  Labours  Lost : 

*  When  icicles  hang  by  the  wall  .  .   .   While  greasy  Joan  doth  keel 
the  pot.' 

5.  polenta,  used  as  neuter  singular ;  cp.  viii.  23,  pingue  polenta. 
Mantuan's  defence  of  this  usage  is  quoted  in  his  brother  Tolomeo's 
Apologia  (Lyons  ed.,  15 16,  fol.  Co,  vii)  :  "cum  audisset  sibi  vitio 
dari  quod  neutro  genere  polenta  dixisset,  paulum  subrisit  et,  ut  est 
facetus,  in  me  conversus  ait :  '  hui  me  miserum,  Ptolemaee,  vocor  in 
iudicium  de  polenta  quod  non  edi ;  '  et  continue  attulit  versus  illos 
ex  quinto  libro  Metamorphoseon  Nasonis  <^ 449-450^  : 

prodit   anus   divamque   videt   lymphamque    roganti 

duke  dedit  testa  quod  coxerat  ante  polenta, 
et  paulo  infra  <453-454>  : 

offensa  est,  nee  adhuc  epota  parte  loquentem 

cum  liquid©  mixta  perfudit  diva  polenta. 
in  primis  duobus  versibus  iungit  dulce  cum  polenta  ;  in  aliis  duobus 
dicit  cum  liquido  polenta,  quo  essent  et  critici  nostri  iure  perfun- 
dendi,  et  in  stelliones  deformesque  bestiolas  convertendi.  Philippus 
Beroaldus  in  sextum  librum  Apulei  de  aureo  Asino  loquens  de 
polenta  dicit :  '  apud  Ovidium  neutraliter  enuntiatur  illo  versu,  dulce 
dedit  testa  quod  coxerat  ante  polenta.''  "  \_Met.  v.  450  is  quoted  by 
Mantuan,  and  by  Beroaldo  (Bologna  ed.,  1500,  fol.  Y.  ii),  as  it  stands 
in  the  fifteenth-century  editions,  Vicenza,  1480,  Venice,  i486,  etc. 
Modern  editors  give  an  '  emended '  line :  '  dulce  dedit  tosta  quod 
iexerat  ante  polenta.'] 

22-23.  Cp.  /  Parthen.  iii  (of  the  Nativity),  *  deciderant  umbrae 
nemorum,  sine  crinibus  omnis  |  arbor  erat  nidosque  avium  mon- 
strabat  inanes.' 

26.  vulpes  = /'^//^i'  vulpinas   (Asc). 

27.  melotas  = /(^//^j  ovinas  (Asc).  Cp.  Hebr.  ii.  37,  '  circuier- 
unt  in  melotis,  in  pellibus  caprinis.'  tiahunt  ^=  contrahunt  (Asc). 
Virg.  A  en.  i.  323,  tnaculosae  tegmine  ly?tcis. 

30.  mater . . .  noverca.  Beroaldo  has  a  similar  fancy,  Fortuna,  ad 
Minum  Roscium,  '  hos  ut  mater  alit :  illos  ut  saeva  noverca  |  exagitat : 
fovet  hos :  his  inimica  nocet '  (Orationes  et  Poemata,  Lyons  ed., 
1492).     Cp.    the    beginning    of    Pliny's    seventh    book    (of    Nature), 

*  non  ut  sit  satis  aestimare,  parens  melior  homini  an  tristior  noverca 
fuerit;'  and  Mantuan's  Dialogus  contra  Detractores  (Lyons  ed., 
1516,  fol.  a,  viii)  :  'Dixit  etiam  Exopus,  ut  in  eius  vita  legisse  me 
memini,  terram  malis  herbis  esse  matrem,  bonis  novercam.  est 
etiam  apud  Graecos  illud  adagium  :  est  quandoque  dies  mater,  quan- 
doque  noverca'  <Hesiod,  Erg.  825,  a'k'koTe  firiTpvu)  tteIei  ijfiepv, 
aXTiOTt   fiijT7]p'^. 

31-2.  Cp.  Juv.  vii.   191,  felix  et  sapiens  et  nobilis  et  generosus,  etc 
45.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  355,  septemque  assurgit  in  ulnas. 
52.  accubitu :  'bed'.      ^Accubitus    pro    cubatu,    aut    cubitu.    Gall. 
la  couchee'   (Du  Cange). 

57.  muliere.     Cp.  iv.  70,  and  note. 


ECLOGUE  VI.  58-2 ig  139 

58.  Ov.   Met.    i.    79,    ille   opifex   rerum;    Prud.    Hamart.    1 16,    ipse 
opifex  rerum. 

61.  Virg.  Aen.  ii.  235,  accinguni  onines  operi. 

70.  sine  cornibus  hirci  = /(p^-fl?/  adulteri  (Asc.)- 

97.  Virg.  £f/.  iii.   10 1,  pecorisqxce  magistro. 

10 1,  genus  hoc.     Cp.  Hor.  5"^/.  ii.  6.  44,  nugas  hoc  genus. 

105.  Mantous  Amyntas.  The  same  Amyntas  as  in  Eel.  ii ;  cp. 
107,  civis  erat,  with  ii.  132,  civis  enim  fuerat  puer  et  versatus  in  urbe. 

113.  Alexander  Barclay,  Ed.  v,  translates,  'But  thou  art  so  rude, 
thy  paunche  is  so  fatte.'  And,  as  Shakespeare's  Longaville  remarks, 
*  Fat  paunches  have  lean  pates '  {L.L.L.  i.  i.  26)  ;  or,  as  Thomas 
Lodge  puts  it,  A  Fig  for  Momus  ('To  his  Mistres  A.  L.'),  'Of 
such  doe  Basile,  Galen,  Plato,  write,  |  That  fattest  bellie  hath  the 
weakest  sprite.'  Cp.  Hor.  6"^/.  ii.  5.  40,  pingui  tentus  omaso ; 
Perotti,  Corn.,  'nam  omasum  appellamus  intestinum  pingue '  (Venice 
ed.,  1494,  fol.  24).  There  is  a  Greek  proverb,  yaarr^p  nax^la  ZcTrrov 
ov  TLKret  v6ov. 

115.  Cp.  V.   10,  placidas  extenditis  aures. 

117.  Cp.  i.  83,  fulgenti  murice. 

119.  Cp.  i.  84,  guos  vidi  elatos  regali  incedere  passu. 

128.  Cp.  V.  14,  vitam  traducere. 

132.  ab  aevo.  Cp.  Vulg.  Sirach,  i.  4,  '  prior  omnium  creata  est 
sapientia,  et  intellectus  prudentiae  ab  aevo ;  '  Tert.  Scarp.  6,  *  ab 
aevo  dignissimum  creditum  est.' 

133-4.  vertere  .  .  .  aestimat.  Cp.  iii.  75,  conflare  putabam. 
fuligine  pallet.  Cp.  Mantuan's  Trophaeum,  Bk.  v.  (fol.  367),  caede 
madens  et  pulvere  pallidus  atro  ;  also,  his  First  Parthenice,  Bk.  iii, 
obscurae  pallentia  flumina  Lethes  (Ascensius'  ed.,  Paris,  1513,  fol  74). 

140.  Cp.    Mart.    iii.    79.    i,   rem    peragit   nullam   Sertorius,   inchoat 

om,nes. 

149.  Cp.    V.    112,    copia    rerum    \    tantarum;    Virg.    Aen.    iv.    233, 

tantarum  gloria  rerum. 

157.  Cp.  Calpurn.  Eel.  iv.  25,  et  lac  venale  per  urbem  non  tacttus 

porta. 

167.  quid    reges:    the    verb    omitted,    as    in    Virg.    Geor.    111.    258, 

quid  iuvefiis,  etc. 

175.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  503,  sollicitanf  alii  remis  fret  a  caeca. 

177-9-  Cp.  Hor.  A.  P.  170,  inventis  miser  abstinet  ac  timet  uti; 
Ep.  i.  5-  13,  parcus  ob  heredis  curam  nimiumque  severus  \  assidet 
insano;  Ter.  Phorm.  44,  suom  defrudans  genium. 

189.  sinuut  z=i  desinunt   (Asc). 

193.  pietas.  Cp.  viii.  157,  164;  also,  Du  Cange,  '  pitie,  idem  quod 
aumone,  in  testam.  ann.  1366.' 

199.  Prud.  Hamart.  401,  inde  canina  foro  latrat  facundta  toto; 
Quint,  xii.  9.  12,  si  a  bono  viro  in  rabulam  latratoremque  convertitur ; 
Cic.  Or.  XV.  47,  rabulam  de  foro. 

203.  equestre  genus.  '  Et  hoc  quoque  satyrice.  Equestres  sunt, 
quia  mulis  fere  vehuntur  medici '    (Asc). 

206.  Cp.  Deut.  28.  29,  sicut  palpare  solet  caecus  in  tenebris. 

210.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  486,  o  ubi  campi,  etc. 

219.  Plin.  A^.  H.  iii.  8.  78,  '  Ebusi  terra  serpentes  f  ugat ;  '  Perotti. 


140  ECLOGUE  VI.  22a— VII.  37 

Corn.   fol.   112,  'inter  hanc    {sc.   Ophiusam)    et  Pytiusam   Ebosus  est 
cuius  terra  serpentes   fugat.' 

220.  Plin.  N.  H.  X.  29.  76,  '  quarum  (^sc.  noctuarum)  genus  in 
Creta  non  esse,  etiam,  si  qua  invecta  sit,  emori ;  '  Perotti,  Corn.  fol. 
151,  'quae  in  Creta  non  est,  et  si  qua  invehatur  non  multo  post 
moritur.'  The  unlettered  speaker  forgets  the  name,  as  in  Virgil, 
Eel.  iii.  40,  quis  fuit  alter,  etc.  Cp.  the  pastoral  simplicity  of  vii. 
28;  viii.  87;  viii.  150;  and  contrast  v.   loi,  and  note. 

221.  Virg,  A  en.  vii.  778,  '  unde  etiam  templo  Triviae  lucisque 
sacratis   |   cornipedes  arcentur  equi.' 

240.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  153-4,  '  interque  nitentia  culta  |  in/elix  lolium 
et  steriles  dominantur  avenae  ;  '  Ed.  v.  2>1' 

246.  fons  et  origo.  Cp.  Flor.  Epit.  i.  41.  12,  in  originem  fon- 
tetnque  belli  Ciliciam;  Prud.  Sym.  i.  72,  haec  causa  est  et  origo 
mali;  Palingenius,  Zod.  Vitae,  vi.  191,  stultitiae  fons  est  et  origo 
philautia  vestrae. 

252.  ulla.  Cp.  Mantuan's  Trophaeum.  Bk.  v.  fol.  369,  '  iacturam 
hanc  lucro  ullo  alias  fortuna  rependet.' 


ECLOGA  VII,  POLLUX. 

Galbula  pastores  ad  sidera  laudibus  effert, 
Et  canit,  ut  viso  versus  sit  nuniine  Pollux. 

The  seventh  Eclogue  reports  a  vision  in  which  the  youthful  Pollux 
is  warned  against  the  dangers  of  the  world,  and  pointed  to  the  safe 
retreat  of  Mount  Carmel.  Here  Pollux  is  commonly  supposed  to 
mean  Mantuan  himself;  but  the  poem  was  written  before  he  joined 
his  religious  order.  See,  also  Introduction,  p.  19.  Lines  9-56  are 
paraphrased  in  Alexander  Barclay's  fifth  Egloge;  lines  14-31  are 
echoed  in  Spenser's  July  Aeglogue,  129-157;  lines  9-39  are  para- 
phrased in  the  third  Eglogue  of  Francis  Sable's  Pan's  Pipe,  Damon's 
*  dittie  ',  of  the  '  stately  progeny  of  heardsmen.' 

I.  Pollux :  see  note  on  i.    148. 
10.  Umber.     See  iv.  81  n. 

II.  Cp.  vi.  97,  and  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  loi,  peeorisque  magistro. 
14.  ast.  An  archaic  form,  as  in  Virg.  A  en.  i.  46;  ii.  467. 
18.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  77,  ctim  faciam  vitula. 

20.  Cp.  iii.  141,  fleetere  divos;  Virg.  Aen.  vii.  312,  fleetere . . . 
Superos. 

23.  Assyrios :  '  ut  Abraham,  Lot,  lacob,  et  caeteros  patriarchas ' 
(Asc).     Cp.  the  excuse  for  forgetting  at  viii.  95.^ 

25.  postea :  here  probably  a  dactyl,  as  it  is  at  viii.  47. 

26.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  21,  populum  late  regem   belloque  superbum. 

33.  deitatis:  late    Latin   for   divinitatis,   as  in   Aug.   Civ.   Dei,   vii. 
I,  Prud.  Apoth.  144,  etc. 
37.  Tonantem:  cp.   Ov.  Met.  i.    170;   ii.   466,  etc.     It  is  a  bit  of 


ECLOGUE  VII.  3g-i25  141 

traditional  criticism  to  say  that  Mantuan  made  too  free  use  of  pagan 
imagery ;  and  his  frequent  use  of  Tonans  is  always  cited  in  this  con- 
nection. But  he  had  good  authority  for  borrowing  the  word  for 
Christian  use:  Paul.  Nol.  xxii.  149;  Juvencus,  ii.  795;  iv.  553,  672, 
786;  Prud.  Apoth.   171;  Caih.  xii.  83. 

39.  magos  regesque.  In  the  De  Sacris  Diebus  (' De  Epiphania ') 
Mantuan  rejected  the  tradition  that  the  Magi  who  came  to  worship 
the  infant  Saviour  were  kings  :  nee  reges,  ut  opinor,  erant. 

40.  John,  X.  14,  ego  sum  pastor  bonus. 

43.   Cp.  Virg.  A  en.  vi.  T^2>y  omnia  perlegerent  ocidis. 

46.  divum :  '  aut  regum  aut  angelorum  Christi  et  parentum  eius  ' 
(Asc).  The  'kings'  were  a  regular  feature  in  paintings  of  the 
Nativity.  Or  divum  may  be  used  as  it  is  used  in  the  First  Par- 
thenice,  of  the  'multitude  of  the  heavenly  host'  which  appeared  to 
the  shepherds  :  agmen  divorum. 

59.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  2)Z'>  '  ^'^^  mihi  namque  domi  pater,  est 
iniusta  noverca.' 

72.  duces  suspiria.  Cp.  76,  trahes  . . .  gemitus;  also,  C.  Erasmus 
Laetus.  Eel.  v.  24,  'quid  gemitus  trahis  et  maestus  suspiria  ducis?' 

75.  Ovid,  Met.  iv.  683,  lumina  . .  .  laerimis  implevit.  quod  lumina  : 
'  legendum  videtur  tot,  ut  sit :  pectus,  inquam,  quod  implet  toties 
lumina  tot  fletibus '    (Asc).     Perhaps   Mantuan  wrote  tua  lumina. 

79.  fas  erit  =  Heebit.  Cp.  80-81,  sed  fas  mihi  flere,  quod  illi  \ 
nan  lieet ;  x.  66,  qua  noxia  pabula  fas  est  \  diseere. 

81.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  688,  oecultum  ignem;  Ovid,  Met.  iv.  64,  quoque 
magis  tegitur,  teetus  magis  aestuat  ignis.  Cp.,  also.  Two  Gentlemen 
of  Verona,  i.  2.  30,  '  Fire  that's  closest  kept  burns  most  of  all,'  and 
the  Cambridge  play  Laelia,  i.  3.  145-6,  '  quantum  potui,  celavi,  sed 
amor  ignis  est :  |  quo  magis  foves,  eo  erumpit  ardentius.' 

87.  Cp.  Sueton,  Jul.  32,  iacta  alea  est. 

88.  fronde  sub  Herculea :  an  allusion  to  the  '  Choice  of  Hercules.' 
Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  vii.  61,  populus  Aleidae  gratissima. 

89.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  497,  magna  iuvenum  stipante  eaterva. 

90.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  589,  os  umerosque  deo  similis;  lb.  iv.  558, 
omnia  Mer curio  similis,  voeemque  color emque  \  et  crines  flavos  et 
membra  decora  iuventa. 

92.  Virg.  Aen.  vii.  7,  tendit  iter;  lb.  i.  656,  iter  .  .  .  tendebat. 

93.  Virg.  Eel.  ix.  I,  quo  via  ducit. 

97.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.   154,  in  spiram  tractu  se  colligit  anguis. 

98.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  93,  latet  anguis  in  herba. 

102  ff.  Cp.  the  '  Laberinto  d'  Amore  '  in  Boccaccio's  Corbaccio — 
where  the  '  spirit '  of  Boccaccio's  vision  corresponds  to  Mantuan's 
*  nymph '. 

106-8.  Ovid,    Met.    x.    53-54,    frames    \    ardttus,    obscurus,    ealigine 

densus  opaca. 

1 12-14.  Ovid,  Met.  xiv.  279-81,  '  saetis  horrescere  coepi  \  nee  iam 
posse  loqui,  pro  verbis  edere  raucum  |  murmur  et  in  terram  toto 
procumbere  vultu.' 

116.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  419,  collem  qui  plurimus  urbi  \  imminet. 

125.  mihi.  The  identity  of  the  'nymph'  is  disclosed:  Our  Lady 
of  Mount  Carmel. 


142  ECLOGUE  VII.  130—VIIL  25 

130.  Cp.  Ovid,  Am.  iii.  9,  25,  *  adice  Maeoniden  a  quo,  ceu  fonte 
Perenni,  ]  vatum  Pieriis  ora  rigantur  aquis ;  '  Ronsard,  Hymnes,  ii. 
7.  40,  '  liomere,  |  De  qui,  comme  un  ruisseau  d'  age  en  age  vivant, 
I  La  Muse  va  tousjours  les  poetes  abreuvant.' 

138.  Cp.  Boccaccio,  Eel.  xiv.  213-21,  '  stat  Satyrum  longaeva  cohors 
. . .  roseis  ornata  coronis,'  etc. 

144.  cadet.     The  earliest  editions  have  the  future. 

147.  Ovid,  Rem.  Am.  91,  principiis  obsta. 

148.  insanit.     Cp.  i.  118,  semel  insanivimus  omnes. 

152.  Cp.    Hor.    Od.    iii.    i.    5-6,    *  re  gum    timendorum    in    proprios 
greges,   |   reges  in  ipsos  imperium  est  lovis.' 
156.  Baldi:  cp.  ii.   172. 


ECLOGA  VIII,  RELIGIO. 

lUe  can  it  monies,  rura  hie  campestria;  nymphae 
Polluci  visae  laudes  et  festa  canuntur. 

The  eighth  Eclogue  returns  to  the  same  subject  as  the  seventh,  and 
explains  that  the  '  virgin '  who  appeared  to  Pollux  was  no  nymph, 
but  the  Queen  of  Heaven,  the  '  Mater  Tonantis  '  herself.  It  adds  a 
list  of  the  pastoral  blessings  which  she  can  bestow,  and  gives  a 
calendar  of  the  days  which  are  to  be  kept  in  her  honor.  The  pre- 
liminary debate  between  an  upland  and  a  lowland  shepherd  is 
imitated  in  Spenser's  July  Aeglogtie. 

2.  Virg.  Eel.  viii.  15  (repeated,  Geor.  iii.  326),  cum  ros  in  tenera 
peeori  gratissimus  herba;  Geor.  i.  312,  mollior  aestas. 

3.  deducere.     Cp.  Livy,  i.  18.  6,  deductus  in  areem. 

4.  longe  prospicio.     Cp.  ii.  61,  longis  .  .  .  prospeeiibus. 

9-1 1.  In  the  Bologna  edition  of  the  collected  poems,  1502,  the 
passage  is  rewritten :  versatus  lutrae  in  morem  limosa  per  arva, 
I  halat  ubi  cimex  Stygiae  excrementa  lacunae,  \  est  ubi  ranarum, 
pulicum,  culicum,  fulicarurn  \  patria,  per  salices,  etc.  This  revision 
gets  rid  of  the  false  quantity  eimicum,^hvit  still  retains  the  pulicum. 

16-18.  Burton,  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  ii.  4.  i.  2  (quoting  Leander 
Albertus),  '  Baldus,  a  mountain  near  the  lake  Benacus,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Verona,  to  which  all  the  herbalists  in  the  Country  continually 
flock.'  melampodion.  Cp.  Plin.  N.  H.  xxv.  5.  21,  '  Melampodis 
fama  divinationis  artibus  nota  est.  ab  hoc  appellatur  unum  hellebori 
genus  Melampodion.  aliqui  pastorem  eodem  nomine  invenisse  tra- 
dunt,  capras  purgari  pasto  illo  animadvertentem.' 

18.  Valsasinus :  from  the  Val  Sassina,  on  the  east  of  Lake  Como. 

20.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  107,  et  Phyllida  solus  habeto. 

23.  pingue  polenta :  cp.  vi.  5,  polenta  coquit. 

25.  callosa :  cp.  iii.  25,  ut  manus  incalluit,  and  Mantuan's 
?  Parthen.  fol.  147,  duroque  manus  callosa  laborc.  The  word  is  cited 
four  times  from  St.  Jerome:  e.  g.  Episi.  106.  I,  callosa  tenendo  capu- 


ECLOGUE  VIII.  30-86  143 

Itim  manus.  Cp.,  also,  Seneca,  Dial.  v.  17.  4,  callosis . . .  genibus 
manibusque. 

30.  ferri.     The  earliest  texts  have  the  passive. 

36.  artifici . . .  manu.  Cp.  Ov.  Met.  xv.  218;  Id.  Am.  iii.  2.  52; 
Prop.  v.  2.  62,  artifices  .  .  .  manus. 

38-39.  Cp.  Virg.  Ed.  i.  9-10,  ille  meas  err  are  boves  .  .  .  permisit. 

40.   Cp.  iii.  21,  cotibus  in  duris ;  Virg.  Eel.  viii.  43  duris  in  cotibus. 

44.  puto  sidera  tangant.    Cp.  i.  50-1,  credo  . . .  concitet  et . . .  tollat. 

45-46.  Mantuan  reflects  the  common  mediaeval  tradition  (based 
upon  Ezekiel,  xxviii.  13-16)  which  placed  the  Terrestrial  Paradise  on 
a  lofty  mountain  in  the  far  East.  Cp.  Claudius  Marius  Victor 
(5th  cent.),  In  Genesim,  '  Eoos  aperit  foelix  qua  terra  recessus  | 
editiore  globo,'  etc.;  Alexander  Neckam  (d.  1227),  De  laudibus 
divinae  sapientiae,  *  quid  quod  deliciis  ornatus  apex  Paradisi  |  lunarem 
tangit  vertice  pene  globum}  ^  (quoted  by  Arturo  Graf,  II  mito  del 
Paradiso  terrestre,  Turin,  1892,  pp.  200,  210).  Cp.,  also,  Boccaccio, 
Eel.  xiv.  170-2,  'est  in  secessu  pecori  mons  invius  aegro,  |  lumine 
perpetuo  clarus,  quo  primus  ab  imis  |  insurgit  terris  Phoebus.'  Dante 
placed  it  on  the  top  of  the  mountain  of  Purgatory;  Ariosto,  on  the 
mountain  at  the  source  of  the  Nile,  Orl.  Fur.  xxxiii.  st.   iio. 

47.  postea.     The  word  here  forms  a  dactyl ;  see,  also,  vii.  25. 

49.  Tonanti :  see  vii.  37  w. 

51.  Carthusia:  La  Grande  Chartreuse,  near   Grenoble,   France. 

52.  Garganus :  Monte  Gargano,  with  a  famous  sanctuary  of  St. 
Michael.  Athos :  still  the  Holy  Mountain,  with  its  22  convents. 
Laureta  :  Loreto,  15  miles  south  of  Ancona.  Cp.  line  189,  in  sublime 
iugum.  The  house  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  at  Nazareth  was  conveyed 
by  angels,  first  to  the  heights  above  Fiume  (1291),  then  to  the  plain, 
and  lastly  (1295)  to  the  hill,  of  Loreto.  See  U.  Chevalier,  Notre- 
Dame  de  Lorette,  Paris,  i9o6./^Laverna :  La  Verna  (or,  Alverna), 
in  the  Casentino,  the  '  rude  rock  between  the  Tiber  and  the  Arno  ' 
(Dante,  Par.  xi.  106),  where  St.  Francis  of  Assisi  founded  a  mon- 
astery. Cp.  Mantuan's  De  Sacris  Diebus  (of  St.  Francis'  Day, 
Oct.  4),  'Umber  erat,  coluit  Tuscae  montana  Lavernae,  1  quae 
furum  tutela  fuit.' 

53.  Soractis  apex:  cp.  Virg.  Aen.  xi.  785,  '  summe  deum,  sancti 
custos  Soractis  Apollo.'  In  Mantuan's  day  there  was  a  monastery 
of  S.  Silvestro.     Umbrosaque  Vallis :  Vallombrosa. 

54.  Nursini  senis :  St.  Benedict,  born  at  Nursia,  a  small  town 
near  Spoleto,  died  at  Monte  Cassino. 

55.  Camaldula:  Camaldoli,  near  Florence. 

65.  situosi:  cp.  v.  72,  situs  occupat  ora,  and  Mantuan's  Dionys. 
Areop.,  fol.   205.   naufragio  situosus  et  ora  recenti. 

67.  sed  quod  inquis,  etc.  The  same  device  is  employed  in  Eel. 
iv.  79-81,  '  sed  quod  tam  vafro  memoras  de  virginis  astu  |  rettulit  in 
mentem,'  etc.  inquis:  cp.  v.  67,  vana  inquis;  x.  53,  ut  Candidus 
inquit. 

79.  Tonantis:  cp.  vii.  37,   Tonantem. 

81.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  17,  alma  Ceres. 

82.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  52-54,  Aeolus  antro  \  luctantes  ventos  .  .  .  frenat. 
85-86.  Apocal.  xii.  i,  '  mulier  amicta  sole,  et  luna  sub  pedibus  eius, 

et  in  capite  eius  corona  stellarum  duodecim  '   (Asc). 


y 


144  ECLOGUE  VIII.  93-180 

93.  Hor.  Od.  i.  5.  13-14,  tabula  sacer  \  votiva  paries. 

95.  ista  refers  to  what  follows,  as  at  iii.  122.  Cp.  the  excuse  for 
forgetting  at  vii.  23-24. 

98-101.  Tibull.  i.  2.  49-50,  'cum  libet,  ti.^ec  tristi  depellit  nubila 
caelo,  I  cum  libet,  aestivo  convocat  orbe  nives ; '  Ovid,  Am.  i.  8. 
9-10,  'cum  voluit,  toto  glomerantur  nubila  caelo:  ]  cum  voluit,  puro 
fulget  in  orbe  dies.' 

102.  modo  =:  «M«(r,  as  at  line  114  and  i.  4. 

104-7.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  335-6,  '  sidera  serva,  |  frigida  Saturni 
sese  quo  stella  receptet,'  etc.,  and  the  comment  of  Servius :  '  Saturnus 
deus  pluviarum  est .  .  .  hie  autem  in  capricorno  facit  gravissimas 
pluvias,  et  praecipue  in  Italia...  in  scorpio  grandines,  item  in  alio 
fulmina,  in  alio  ventos.' 

no.  Virg.  Ed.  vii.  36,  si  fetura  gregem  suppleverii. 

116.  *  capellas  =  ra/'rcj-  cereas''    (Asc). 

117.  lanni  hircum.     See  iv.  30  ff. 

123-4.  Cp.  Ser.  Samm.  Med.  Chap.  58,  '  praeterea  si  forte  premit 
strix  atra  puellos  |  virosa  immulgens  exsertis  ubera  labris ;  '  Perotti, 
Corn.,  fol.  254,  '  maleficae  mulieres  quae  noctu  gradientes  infantium 
corpora  sanguine  sugendo  exhauriunt.' 

126.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  325,  sata  laeta. 

129.  Colum.  X.  415,  pingues  mariscas. 

137.  Virg.  Ed.  ix.  45,  numeros  memini,  si  verba  tenerefn. 

141.  campe.  Perotti,  Corn.,  fol.  117,  "  vermiculus  est_  hortenses 
maxime  herbas  et  arborum  frondes  erodens  :  dicta  awo  tov  Kafinreiv, 
quod  est  flectere.  unde  Columella :  '  nee  solum  teneras  audent 
erodere  frondes  |  implicitus  conehae  Umax  hirsutaque  campe.'  " 

144.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.   148,  oestrum  Graii  vertere  vocantes. 

145.  anginoso :  for  the  quantity,  cp.  Ser.  Samm.,^  16,  '  verum 
angina  sibi  mixtum  sale  poscit  acetum.'  pubes  . . .  rustica :  cp.  Virg. 
Geor.  i.  343,  puhes  agrestis. 

154.  Cp.  CatuU.  64.  231,  memori  tibi  condita  corde\  Virg.  Aen. 
ii.  388,  tu  condita  mente  teneto. 

157.  pietate:  cp.  vi.  193,  nostra  etiam  pietas  pietate  potentior  urbis. 

158.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  600,  grates  persolvere  dignas;  lb.  ii.  537.. 
persolvant  grates  dignas. 

162.  commissa  piacula  solvunt.  Cp.  Virg.  Aen.  vi.  569,  com- 
7nissa  piacula;  Tac.  Ann.  i.  30.  3-  soluti  piaculo  (where  piaculo 
seems  to  mean  'guilt');  Prud.  Apoth.  543-4,  '  Chnstique  negati  J 
sanguine  respersus  commissa  piacula  solvit,'  and  Mantuans 
/  Parthen.  Bk.  ii,  '  iam  Deus  antiquae  commissa  piacula  fraudis 
I  ponet'   (ed  Ascensius,  1513,  fol.  59). 

166.  Cp.    Virg.    Geor.   i.   308-10,   '  auritosque    sequi  lepores  . . .  cum 

nix  alta  iacet.'  ,    .     /,        ,        u   -n 

167.  nonas  Kalendas  —  A'a/^«</a:r  Novembris   (by  the  old  Koman 

reckoning).  ,  ,.       • 

170.  Varro,  R.  R.  ii.   i.   19,  '  dicuntur  agm  cordt  qui  post  tempus 

nascuntur  ae  remanserunt  in  volvis  intimis.' 

175.  Cp.  viii.  20,  tradidit  et  dixit.  . 

177-80.  The  Assumption  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  Aug.   15.     MOlor- 

Chaeo  .  .  .  ab  astro  :  '  id  est,  a  leone  clava   Molorchi  interempto.     est 


Q 


ECLOGUE  VII I.  182-222  145 

autem  longe  petitum  epithetum  '  (Asc).  The  epithet  is  found  also 
in    Palingenius,    Zodiacus    Vitae,    ii.    234    (Basel    ed.    1548,    p.    18)  : 

*  tunc  quum  per  torva  leonis  |  signa  Molorchaei  gradiens  calidissimus 
est  sol.'     transiit  ad  Superos :  cp.  ii.   146,  tranabit  ad  aethera. 

182.  The  Nativity  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  Sept.  8. 

187.  Lauretica :  of  Loreto.     See  note  on  line  52. 

190.  Thessalicas  . . .  sagittas  =  Sagittarius.  Cp.  line  194,  semi- 
feri .  . .  Chironis. 

192.  The  Presentation,  or  entrance  of  the  Virgin  Mary  into  the 
temple,  Nov.  21. 

197.  The  Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  Dec.  8. 

199-200.  primordia  .  .  .  fecit :  cp.  vii.  9,  iaciens  primordia.  Here, 
and  in  another  of  his  earlier  poems  (/  Parthen.  i.  223  ff.),  Mantuan 
affirms  the  immaculate  conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.  In  one 
of  his  latest  poems,  De  Sacris  Diebus,  Bk.  xii  ('  De  conceptione 
Beatae  Virginis  Mariae ')  he  deprecated  the  violent  controversies 
which    raged    about    the    question,    and    dismissed    it    as    unessential : 

*  aequanimes  autem  volumus  si  vera  fateri,  |  vanus  uterque  labor, 
pietas  temeraria,  praeceps  |  religio,  levitas  velata  scientiae  amictu ; 
I  nee  natura  potest  illuc  extendere  visum,  |  nee  Deus  hoc  docuit,  nee 
re  dependet  ab  ista  |  nostra  salus.  quae  nos  igitur  dementia  torquet 
I  ut  studeamus  in  his  consumere  litibus  annos?  |  .  .  .  ergo  nee  in- 
fectam  dicas,  nee  labe  carentem.  |  obmutesce  ;  Deus  sciri  haec  arcana 
negavit.'  The  Blessed  Virgin's  immunity  from  original  sin  became 
an  accepted  dogma  in   1854,  by  proclamation  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 

201.  Virg.  Aeii.  iv.  6,  Phoebea  .  . .  lanipade. 

204.  Cp.  Ov.  F.  iii.  418,  turaque  pone  focis. 

205.  The  Purification,  or  the  Presentation  of  Christ  in  the  temple, 
Feb.  2   ('Candlemas'). 

207.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  330,  Zephyrique  tepentibus  auris',  lb.  i.  217, 
candidus  auratis  aperit  cum  cornibus  annum,  etc. 

209.  Paranymphus.  In  the  'Apologeticon '  prefixed  to  his  First 
Parthenice  Mantuan  defended  his  use  of  this  word  :  *  legant  Augus- 
tini  de  Christi  nativitate  sermones  .  .  .  invenient  angelum  ad  virginem 
missum  paranymphuni  vocari.'  It  is  used  in  the  same  way  in  a 
poem  formerly  attributed  to  Venantius  Fortunatus  (see  Leo's  ed., 
Berlin,  1881,  p.  379). 

210.  The  Annunciation,   Mar.  25. 

217.  The  Visitation,  July  2.  *  hospita,  sc.  Maria,  redit  a  matre, 
sc.  loannis  '   (Asc). 

220.  geminae  . . .  matri.  Cp.  Mantuan's  poem  De  Sacris  Diebus 
(*  De  Visitatione '),  *o  geminae  matres,  quae  pignora  tanta  tulistis.' 

222.  militiam  caeli :  trop.  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  as  in  Acts,  vii. 
42,  et  tradidit  eos  servire  militiae  coeli;  Deut.  xvii.  3,  et  adoreut 
eos  .  .  .  et  omrtefn  militiam.  coeli. 


146  ECLOGUE  IX.  14-52 


ECLOGA  IX,  FALCO. 

Faustulus  expertus  Rotnani  frigida  iractus 
Pascua,  pastorum   mores   exponit   iniquos. 

The  ninth  Eclogue  is  a  satire  on  the  ways  of  the  Roman  curia, 
and  doubtless  reflects  some  of  Mantuan's  own  experiences  when  he 
went  to  Rome  on  the  business  of  his  order.  For  similar  criticism 
of  the  state  of  things  at  Rome,  cp.  De  Calamitatibus,  Bk.  iii, 
'  venalia  nobis  |  templa,  sacerdotes,  altaria,  sacra,  coronae,  |  ignes, 
tura,  preces ;  caelum  est  venale  Deusque  '  (Ascensius'  ed.,  Paris,  1513, 
fol.  61)  ;  Alfonsiis,  Bk.  vi,  '  pastores  odere  pecus  nee  pascere  curant, 
I  sed  tondere  greges  pecorique  illudere  tonso '  (Bologna  ed.,  1502, 
fol.  309);  De  Sdcris  Diebus  (' De  Sanctis  Leonibus'),  '  Rom  an  a 
gravi  maculata  veneno  |  curia,  quae  spargit  terras  contagia  in  omries.' 
This  eclogue  had  the  fortune  to  be  taken  over  into  Protestant  Eng- 
land, and  there  made  the  model  of  an  attack  on  the  '  loose  living 
of  Popish  prelates  '  in  general.  For  it  is  imitated  rather  closely  in 
the  September  Aeglogue  of  Spenser's  Shepheards  Calender,  wherein 
'  Diggon  Davie  is  devised  to  be  a  shepheard  that,  in  hope  of  more 
gayne,  drove  his  sheepe  into  a  far  countrye.  The  abuses  whereof, 
and  loose  living  of  Popish  prelates,  ...  he  discourseth  at  large.' 
And  it  was  probably  in  Milton's  mind  when  he  wrote  the  passage 
in  Lycidas  about  '  our  corrupted  clergy.' 

14.  Cp.  Livy,  i.  i.  i,  vetusti  iure  hospitii. 

19.  Cp.  i.  I,  gelida  quando  pecus  otnne  sub  umbra  \   rufninat. 

20.  parum  :  cp.  line  39,  quiescat  obba  parum  ;  also  the  mediaeval 
use  of  unum  parum  (quoted  by  Du  Cange  from  a  document  of  the 
year  1308)  :  *  Vade,  dixi  ego,  mecum  unum  parum ;  libenter,  dixit 
ipse.'  The  poet's  brother  Tolomeo  defended  a  similar  use  of 
parum  by  citing  Lucan,  iv.  742,  fraude  sua  cessere  parum  {Apologia, 
Lyons  ed.,  1516,  fol.  Ee,  vii).  recreabere  potu:  '  invitat  autem  ad 
potandum,  nee  abnuit  Candidus,  ut  si  qua  petulantius  in  curiam 
Romanam  dicta  sint,  a  potis  dicta  censeantur  '    (Asc). 

31.  Oenophili :  the  name  occurs  in  Eel.  i.   161. 

Z^'Zl'  Cp.  Ovid,  Met.  xii.  156,  vinoque  levant  curasque  sitimque; 
Tibull.  i.  2.  I,  adde  merum  vinoque  novos  compesce  dolores. 
cardiaco.  Cp.  Plin.  A'.  H.  xxiii.  25.  50,  '  cardiacorum  morbo  unicam 
spem  hanc  e  vino  esse  certum  est ;  '  also,  Seneca,  Ep.  xv.  3 ;  Cels. 
iii.  19;  Juv.  V.  32.  In  the  later  medical  writers  (Cael.  Aur.,  Cass. 
Fel.)  the  word  is  used  of  disease  of  the  heart,  not  of  the  stomach. 
Here  cardiaco  dolori  seems  to  mean  grief,  sorrow    {cordolium). 

41.  Virg.  Eel.  viii.  43,  duns  m  cotibus. 

42.  Virg.   Geor.   i.    145,  labor  .  .  .  improbus. 

50-52.  Cp.  Virg.  ix.  15,-  'ante  sinistra  cava  monuisset  ab  ilice 
cornix ;  '  Hor.  Od.  iii.  27.  15-16,  '  teque  nee  laevus  vetet  ire  picus 
I  nee  vaga  cornix.'  tegetis.  Du  Cange  quotes  this  word  from 
Joannes  de  Janua  (1286)  :  ^  Teges,  parva  domus  quae  et  Tugurium, 
scilicet  casula  quam  faciunt  sibi  custodes  vinearum  vel  pastores  ad 
tegmen  sui ;  quasi  Tegerium  vel  Tugurium.^     Cp.  Ercole  Strozzi   (of 


ECLOGUE  IX.  52-107  147 

the  Nativity),  'nascitur  ille  Puer  iegetis  sub  culmine  parvo  |  regales 
referunt  cui  pia  dona  manus,'  Aldine  ed.,  15 13,  p.  7. 

52.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  410,  corvi  presso  . . .  guiiure. 

57.  Cp.  i.  27,  pastu  rediens. 

65.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  198,  texendae  saepes  etiam ;  lb.  iv.  34,  lento 
. . .  alvaria  vimine  texta. 

67-70.  Virg.  Ed.  i.  53-59,  *  frigus  captabis  opacum  . . .  saepe  levi 
somnum  suadebit  inire  susurro  . . .  nee  gemere  aeria  cessabit  turtur 
ab  ulmo ; '  Eel.  ii.  13,  *  resonant  arbusta  cicadis.' 

71.  Cp.  i.  92,  hie  tremulas  inter  frondes  immurmurat  aura. 

73.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  527,  ipse  dies  agitat  festos  fususque  per  herbam, 
etc. ;  Eel.  i.  i,  reeubans  sub  tegmine  fagi. 

74.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  526,  adversis  luetantur  eornibus  haedi. 

77.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  92,  qui  legitis  flores  et  humi  naseentia  fraga. 

88.  '  pensi  {i.  e.  exeogitati  et  deliberati)  nihil  (i.  e.  habens), 
omnia  casu  (i.  e.  faeiens),'  Asc.  Cp.  Mantuan's  De  Calam.  Bk.  i 
(of  Anger),  'nil  pensi,  nil  mentis  habet.'  So  in  a  letter  of  Aeneas 
Silvius  (1444),  *  et  quia  inexpertus  est,  parum  pens*  habet.'  Cp., 
further,  Sallust,  Cat.  xii.  2,  '  nihil  pensi  neque  moderati  habere.' 

92-93.  Cp.  Tennyson's  Loeksley  Hall,  '  a  sorrow's  crown  of  sorrow 
is  remembering  happier  things,'  with  its  allusion  to  Dante,  Inf.  v. 
12 1-3,  *  Nessun  maggior  dolore,  |  Che  ricordarsi  del  tempo  felice  | 
Nella  miseria.'  The  sentiment  is  an  ancient  one :  cp.  Boethius,  Phil. 
Cons.  ii.  prosa  4,  '  nam  in  omni  adversitate  fortunae  infelicissimum 
est  genus  infortunii  fuisse  felicem,'  Euripides,  Iph.  Taur.  1121, 
TO  de  uer'  tvTvx'io,v  KaKov-  |  adat  dvarolg  (3apvg  al6)v^  Here.  Fur.  1 29 1, 
K£K7[,T]{iev(^  6e  (purl  jiaKapiif)  irore  \  al  fiErajSoXal  "kvTzrjpov. 

94.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  434,  humilesque  genistae. 

95.  mains  .  .  .  punica :  '  pomegranate '.  Cp.  Ov.  Met.  v.  536, 
Puniceum  . .  .  pomum. 

96.  sabuco.  Andreas  Vaurentinus,  in  his  commentary  on  this 
passage,  suggested  that  this  form  of  the  word  was  due  to  metrical 
convenience.  But  Mantuan  might  have  cited  the  authority  of  Ser. 
Samm.  50,  vel  tristia  poma  sdbuei,  an  author  whom  he  mentions  in 
the  Apologetieon  prefixed  to  his  First  Partheniee  (1481)  :  '  Quintus 
Serenus  et  Ausonius,  medici  et  poetae.'  See,  also,  the  note  on 
anginoso,  viii.  145. 

lOO-l.  Hor.  Od.  i.  4.  4,  nee  prata  eanis  albieant  pruinis;  Virg. 
Eel.  ii.  10,  rapido  . . .  aestu ;  Geor.  iii.  479,  totoque  autumni  ineanduit 
aestu. 

102-3.  Cp.  De  Calam.  i  (the  picture  of  Gastrimargia),  'sub  gutture 
lato  I  surgit  et  inflatum  tollit  eiitis  uvida  pectus;'  lb.  ii  (the  ad- 
dress to  Pope  Sixtus),  'stent  ad  praesepia  tauri  |  qui  signata  iugis 
longoque  attrita  labore  |  eolla  gerunt.' 

104.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  81,  luxuriatque  toris  animosum  peetus. 

107.  cui.  loannes  Murmellius  defended  this  irregularity  by  citing 
Sallust,  Cat.  56.  5,  *  interea  servitia  repudiabat,  euius  initio  ad  eum 
magnae  copiae  concurrebant,'  and  Tibullus,  ii.  i.  11-12,  '  vos  quoque 
abesse  procul  iubeo,  discedite  ab  aris,  |  eui  tulit  hesterna  gaudia  nocte 
Venus'  (Letter  to  Paulus  Ruremundensis,  quoted  in  the  Deventer 
edition  of  the  Eelogues,  15 10).     '  Ita  et  hie,  cui  -^subintellige^  gregi 


14§  ECLOGUE  IX.  iig-igo 

armentorum,  vel  armento.'  [The  edition  of  Tibullus  'cum  com- 
mentariis  Bernardini  Veronensis,'  Brescia,  i486,  gives  the  text  as 
Murmellius  quotes  it;  modern  editions  have  discedat  ah  aris.'\  Cp., 
also,  Calpurnius,  EcL  i.   27,  longa . . .  internodia. 

119.  appropias.  Mantuan's  defence  of  this  word  is  quoted  in  his 
brother  Tolomeo's  Apologia  (Lyons  ed.,  1516,  fol.  Gg)  :  *  usurpat 
similiter^  hoc  verbum  appropio,  id  est,  appropinquo,  deductum  a 
prope,  sicut  elongo  a  longe.  reperitur  id  verbum,  ut  inquit  poeta, 
fuisse  in  usu  ante  annos  abhinc  mille.  legitur  enim  in  editione  vul- 
gata  psalmorum  quae  Hieronymum  antecessit  dum  appropiant  super 
me  nocentes.^  The  word  occurs  a  dozen  times  in  the  Vulgate,  and  the 
*  Itala '  often  uses  it  where  the  Vulgate  has  appropinquate ;  see 
H.  Ronsch,  Itala  und  Vulgata,  p.  181. 

122.  a  longe  =  e  longinquo.  For  such  combinations  of  preposition 
and  adverb,  see  Ronsch,  Itala  und  Vulgata,  pp;  231-4,  475.  So 
Augustine,  Conf.  iii.  3.  5,  has,  '  et  circumvolabat  super  me  fidelis 
a  longe  misericordia  tua.' 

127.  illaqueat.  Prud.  Cath.  iii.  41,  '  callidus  illaqueat  volucres  | 
aut  pedicis  dolus  aut  maculis,  |  illita  glutine  corticeo  |  vimina 
plumigeram  seriem  |  impediunt  et  abire  vetant.' 

128.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  396,  in  verihus  torrehimus  exta  colurnis. 
"^S?)-  Calpurn.  i.   7,  defendimus  ora  galero. 

136-7.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  420,  cape  saxa  manu,  cape  rohora,  pastor. 

138-9.  spineta  colubris  |  plena:  cp.  Virg.  Geor.  iv.  243,  con- 
gest a  cub  ilia  blattis. 

140.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  434,  asperque  siti  atque  exterritus  aestu. 

142.  Virg.  Geor.  iv.  554,  subitum  ac  dictu  mirabile  monstrum; 
A  en.  vii.  680,  subitum  dictuque  oritur  mirabile  monstrum. 

143-5-  Virg.  Eel.  viii.  97-99,  his  ego  saepe  lupum  fieri,  etc. 
madere  caede :  cp.  Ov.  Met.  i.  149  and  xiv.  199,  caede  madentes; 
xiii.  388,   caede  madebit. 

147.  obviat:  cp.  Ital.  ovviare.     Virg.  Aen.  ii.  535,  pro  talibus  ausis. 

153-4.  The  animal  worship  of  the  ancient  Egyptians  is  often 
mentioned:  Cic.  N.  D.  iii.  19,  Tusc.  Disp.  v.  27.  78;  Juv.  xv.  1-8; 
Arnob.  i.  28;  Cels.  Epicur.  ap.  Orig.  iii,  etc. 

158.  Gen.  i.  28,  *  dominamini  .  .  .  universis  animantibus  quae 
moventur  super  terram  '    (Asc). 

159.  Virg.  Aen.  iii.   139,  letijer  annus. 

162.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  515,  duro  fumans  sub  vomere  taurus  \ 
concidit. 

163.  Petrarch,  Eel.  vi.  73,  nee  morbi  modus  ullus  adest. 

168.  opulescunt.  Gellius  reports,  xviii.  11.  3,  that  Furius  Antias 
was  criticized  for  using  such  words  as  opulescere  (=  opulentum 
fieri). 

174-7.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  343-5,  'omnia  secum  [  armentarius  Afer 
agit,  tectumque  laremque  |  armaque,'  etc.  cacabos :  Teofilo  Folengo 
has  cdcdbi  (Venice  ed.,   1555,  fol.   16). 

185-191.  Cp.  ii.  87-88,  '  quam  melius  fuerat . . .  rediisse  . . .  ser- 
vasse,'  etc. 

188.  Athesis :  the  Adige. 

190.  Abdua :  the  Addua. 


■  ECLOGUE  IX.  193— X.  3  149 

193-5.  Cp.  vi.  124-6,  '  vidi  etiam  patres . . .  t/ww  segnes  dormire 
volunt . . .  prostituisse,^   etc. 

199-200.  Cp.  Dante,  Par.  xvi.  73,  '  Se  tu  riguardi  Luni  ed  Urbis- 
aglia  I  Come  son  ite,'  etc. ;  also,  Petrarch,  Fam.  v.  3,  '  Lunam  olim 
famosam  potentemque,  nunc  nudum  et  inane  nomen  '  (ed.  Fracassetti, 
i.  254).  Luna:  famous  in  antiquity  for  its  harbor  (the  Gulf  of 
Spezia)  ;  destroyed  by  the  Arabs  in  10 16.  Hadria:  an  ancient  seaport 
between  the  Po  and  the  Adige ;  ruined  by  a  war  with  Venice  in  10 17. 
Salvia :  Urbs  Salvia,  or  Urbesalvia  (whence  the  modern  name 
Urbisaglia),  an  inland  town  in  Picenum.  Under  the  Empire  it 
was  a  place  of  some  commercial  importance,  but  it  was  completely 
destroyed  by  Alaric.     Umber:  see  iv.  8i«. 

202.  modo  =  nunc.     See  i.  4«. 

210.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  i.  75>  ^^^  meae,  felix  quondam  pecus,  ite 
capellae. 

211.  Juv.  V.  10,  tarn  ieiuna  fames;  Ov.  Met.  viii.  782,  ieiuna 
Fames. 

213.  pastor.  Falcone  de'  Sinibaldi,  papal  treasurer  under  Inno- 
cent VIII.  From  him  Mantuan  received  much  assistance,  when  he 
went  to  Rome  on  the  business  of  his  order :  '  cuius  beneficio  ex 
omnibus  periculis  est  liberatus.'     See  pp.  15  and  28. 

214.  Virg.  Eel.  ii.  20,  quam  dives  peeoris;  Aen.  i.  343,  and  iii. 
642,  ditissimus  agri;  so  Ovid,  Met.  v.  129. 

218.  Macram.  Cp.  Dante,  Par.  ix.  89,  '  Macra  che  per  cammin 
corto  I   Lo  Genovese  parte  dal  Toscano.' 

219.  Cp.  Virg.  Eel.  v.  16-17,  *  lenta  salix  quantum  pallenti  cedit 
olivae,  |  puniceis  humilis  quantum  saliunca  rosetis,'  etc. ;  lb.  i.  26, 
*  quantum  lenta  solent  inter  viburna  cupressi.' 

220.  Tityrus  means  Virgil,  as  at  ii.  9. 

221.  Virg.  Eel.  i.  43-4,  quotannis  \  bis  senos  eui  nostra  dies  al- 
taria  fumant.     fumare  . . .  fecit :  see  v.  58«. 

230.  Virg.  Aen.  i.  78-9,  tu  sceptra  lovemque  \  concilias. 


EC  LOG  A  X,  B  EM  BUS. 

Nunc   verae   et   falsae   discrimina   relligionis 
Narrat,  ovesque  pias   Carmeli  separat  hoedis. 

The  tenth  Eclogue  is  a  debate  between  the  two  great  divisions  of 
Mantuan's  order,  the  Observantes,  or  Discalced  Carmelites,  and  the 
Conventuals,  who  followed  a  mitigated  rule.  The  speakers  discuss 
the  abuses  which  had  crept  into  the  order  and  caused  the  separation, 
and  the  umpire  advises  a  return  to  the  good  old  ways. 

I.  Bembe.  The  name  of  the  umpire  (and  the  title  of  the  poem) 
is  probably  chosen  out  of  compliment  to  Bernardo  Bembo,  of  Venice, 
to  whom  Mantuan  dedicated  the  Second  Parthenice   (c.   1488). 

3.  Batrachus  . . .  Myrmix.  Ascensius  saw  a  certain  fitness  in  the 
two  names.  '  Nam  fto-Tpaxoc  rana  dicitur,  cui  fere  similem  habent 
Carmelitae  de  observatione  interiorem  tunicam,  quia  piceam  aut,  ut 
dicunt,    griseam ;    Myrmix    autem    formica,    quae    nigra    est,    ut    non 


150  ECLOGUE  X.  6-8g 

observantium  tunica.'  There  is  a  similar  pair  of  names  in  Ed. 
vi,  Comix  and  Fulica.  The  name  Batracos  had  been  given  to  one 
of  the  speakers  in  Boccaccio's  ninth  Eclogue ;  the  name  Myrmix  is 
employed  again  in  the  second  and  fifth  Eclogues  of  C.  Erasmus 
Laetus  (Witebergae,  anno  1560). 

6-7.  Cp.  the  aged  Meliboeus  in  Nemes.  Eel.  i.  52-53,  *  tu  ruricolum 
discernere  lites  ]  assueras,  varias  paeans  mulcendo  querellas ;  '  Virg. 
Eel.  iii.  108,  tantas  componere  lites. 

10.  Eurotae  campos.  Cp.  Virg.  Ed.  vi.  82-83,  '  omnia  quae  Phoebo 
quondam  meditante  beatus  |  audiit  Eurotas  iussitque  ediscere  lauros.' 

11.  Virg.  Ed.  iii.  62,  '  Phoebo  sua  semper  apud  me  |  munera  sunt, 
lauri,'  etc. ;  Ovid,  Met.  xi.  165,  *  ille  caput  flavum  lauro  Parnaside 
vinctus.'  ' 

13-14.  Virg.  Ed.  iii.  55,  dicite,  quandoquidem,  etc. ;  Pars.  vi.  I, 
admovit  iam  bruma  joco  te,  Basse,  Sabino? 

16-17.  Cp.  vi.  1-2,  a  culniine  pendet  \   stiria. 

20-21.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  259,  frigidus  agricolam  si  quando  continet 
imber. 

29.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  184,  pinguis  humus  dulcique  uligine  laeta. 

34.  Juvencus,  i.  414,  Galilaea  per  arva  ;  so  Sedulius,  iv.   188. 

35.  lacu . . .  magno  :  the   Lacus  Samachonitis   (Waters  of  Merom). 

36.  mare .  . .  apertum :  '  the  sea  of  Galilee,  which  is  the  sea  of 
Tiberias'   {John,  vi.  i). 

39.  Asphalti  gurgitis:  the  Lacus  Asphaltites,  or  Dead  Sea. 
inf ames  . . .  undas  :  cp.  De  Calam.  i  (of  Luxuria),  '  haec  fera  adul- 
terium  parit  incestusque  nefandos  I  stupraque  et  igne  scelus  dignum 
quo  barbara  quondam  |  abstulit  immixtis  sulfur  quinquurbia  flammis  ; 
I  nunc  lacus  est  ubi  tunc  homines  errare  solebant,'  etc. 

54.  Ellas.  The  Carmelite  Order  claimed  for  its  founders  the 
prophets  Elijah  and  Elisha.  Mantuan  often  repeats  the  claim: 
De  Vita  Beata;  i  Parthen.  Bk.  iii;  De  Patientia,  ii.  27,  iii.  31; 
Alfonsus,  Bk.  v;  Apologia  pro  Carmelitis.  The  first  volume  of  the 
Annales  Carmelitarum  by  loan.  Bapt.  de  Lezana  (Rome,  1645)  be- 
gins with  '  annus  mundi  3123,  ante  Christum  930.' 

59.  Cp.  vii.  130-1,  sicut  de  fonte  perenni  \  flumina;  Ronsard 
((Euvres,  ed.  Blanchemain,  vii.  128),  Vos  estes  mes  ruisseaux,  je 
suis  vostre  fonteine. 

66.  fas  est  z^  licet.  Cp.  vii.  80-81,  sed  fas  mihi  fiere,  quod  Hit  \ 
non  licet. 

68.  Cp.  ix.  159,  pestifer  annus;  Virg.  Aen.  iii.   i^g,  letifer  annus. 

69.  omisit :  cp.  ii.  5,  omissa.  In  the  Bologna  edition  of  the  col- 
lected poems,  1502,  the  line  is  rewritten:  signa  dedit,  nil  quod  tangat 
magalia  omisit. 

'j'j.  Virg.  Geor.  iv.   126,  umectat  flaventia  cult  a  Galaesus. 

79-81.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  11 2- 13,  apertos  \  Bacchus  amat  colles,  Aqut- 
lonem  et  f  rigor  a  taxi. 

87.  Cp.  Hor.  Od.  ii.  14.  15-16,  nocentem  \  corporibus  metuemus 
Austrum. 

89.  Cp.  Virg.  Geor.  ii.  146,  hinc  albi,  Clitumne,  greges',  Prop.  iii. 
19.  26,  et  niveos  abluit  unda  boves\  Sil.  Ital,  iv.  546;  Stat. 
Silv.  i.  4.   129. 


ECLOGUE  X,  gi-185  151 

91.   Lucr.  iii.  318,  unde  haec  oritur  varianiia  rerum. 

99.  Virg.  Gear.  i.  272,  balantumque  gregem  fluvio  mersare  salubri; 
lb.  iii.  446-7,  udisque  aries  in  gurgite  villis  \  mersatur. 

loi.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  444,  hirsuti  secuerunt  corpora  vepres. 

102-3.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  441,  turpis  oves  temptat  scabies;  Mart.  i. 
78.  1-2,  indignas  premeret  pestis  cum  tabida  fauces  \  inque  ipsos 
vultus  serperet  atra  lues. 

104-5.  Virg.  Geor.  iii.  481,  corrupitque  lacus,  in  fecit  pabula  iabo. 

106-9.  The  correct  color  of  the  Carmelite  habit  has  often  been 
the  subject  of  animated  discussion  among  the  different  branches  of 
the  order.  Mantuan  himself  regarded  it  as  a  matter  of  much  im- 
portance. In  his  first  term  as  Vicar-general  he  came  into  conflict 
with  the  General  of  the  order,  who  had  prescribed  '  nigrum  in 
vestibus  colorem ; '  and  he  obtained  from  Sixtus  IV  a  special  bull 
which  permitted  the  Congregation  of  Mantua  to  wear  *  habitum  grisei 
coloris,  sive  tane '  (tan  color).  In  the  third  book  of  the  De 
Calamitatibus  he  records  that  the  founder  of  the  order,  the  prophet 
Elias,  wore,  and  prescribed  for  his  followers,  a  garment  of  'natural 
wool ' :  '  namque  rudem  tunicam  tetrae  fuliginis  instar,  |  cui  sim- 
plex expersque  artis  natura  colorem  |  fecerat,  induitur ;  per  saecula 
cuncta  nepotum  |  progenies  iussit  similem  gestaret  amictum.' 

109.  Cp.  Livy,  xxxvii.  54.  18,  'nee  terra  mutata  mutavit  genus 
aut  mores.' 

125.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  7,  parcius  ista  viris  tamen  obicienda  memento. 

127.  Virg.  Eel.  viii.  41,  ut  me  malus  abstulit  error. 

128.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  51,  ne  quemquam  voce  lacessas. 
130.  Cp.  ii.  4,  et  tumidis  ripas  aequaverat  undis. 

132.  saepierant.  Neue  cites  the  form  sepivit  from  St.  Jerome, 
In  les.  V.  2. 

135.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  244,  flexu  sinuoso  elabitur  Anguis. 

137.  Virg.  Geor.  i.  264,  furcasque  bicornes ;  Ovid,  Met.  viii.  637, 
furca  . . .  bicorni. 

138.  Virg.  A  en.  ii.  475,  Unguis  micat  ore  trisulcis. 

143-4.  grege  diviso.  An  allusion  to  the  disruption  of  the  Car- 
melite Order  in  1459,  when  the  Observantes,  or  Discalced  Car- 
melites separated  from  the  Conventuals  and  went  back  to  a  more 
rigid  rule. 

146.  Aurora.     Cp.  line  73,  ad  ortum. 

152.  pedum.  ..septem.  An  allusion  to  the  separate  cells  m 
which  the  early  Carmelites  lived ;  '  tantum  enim  spatii  cellis  singulis 
congruit '    (Asc). 

153-  Cp.  v.   16,  mapalia  saepe  \   cingere. 

175-6.  eremum. ..  deserta.  The  early  Carmelites  were  hermits. 
Batrachus  means  that  the  Reformed  body  is  not  even  yet  close 
enough  to  the  old  rigid  rule. 

180.  cuium  pecus :  '  dictum  id  puto  pro  cuiumcuium,  id  est, 
cuiuscumque  pecus'    (Asc).     Cp.  Virg.  Ed.  iii.   i,  cuium  pecus. 

182-5.  Cp.  Seneca,  Dial.  v.  26.  3,  non  est  Aethiopis  inter  suos  in- 
signitus  color',  Juv.  ii.  2.  23,  loripedem  rectus  derideat,  Aethiopem 

alb  us. 

185.  Virg.  Eel.  iii.  lOl,  pecori  pecorisque  magistro. 


INDEX 


The  references  in  Arabic  numerals  are  to  the  pages  of  this  book. 
Such  references  as  iv.  167  mean  the  number  and  line  of  one  of  the 
Eclogues. 


ab  aevo,  vi.   132. 

Abdua,  ix.  190,  218. 

Adam,  vi.  68. 

Adulescentia,  62. 

Aeneas  Silvius,  123,  132. 

Ainsworth's  Latin  Dictionary,  33. 

Alcilia,  41. 

Alexis  (=  Augustus),  iii,  174. 

Allen,  P.  S.,  31. 

Ambrogio,  Florido,  12,  13,  15,  I7» 

24,  25,  32,  zi^  136- 

Analecta  Bollandiana,  30. 
Andreas    Vaurentinus,    36,     126, 

130,  147. 
ant,  wisdom  of,  v.  36-38. 
Antonius  Sabinus,  29. 
d'Arco,    18. 
Arienti,    G.    Sabadino   degli,    11, 

14,  t6,  23,  27,  28,  31. 
Arrivabene,  G.  P.,  26. 
Arx,  S.  von,  11,  16,  23. 
Ascensius,  16,  20,  27,  32,  35,  36, 

44,  58,  124,  125,  126,  130,  131, 

132,    133.    138,    139.    140,    141. 
143,    144,    145,    146,    147,    148, 

149.  151. 
Athesis,  ix.  188. 

Athos,   viii.   52. 

Badius,  lodocus,  32,  36,  44;  see 

Ascensius. 
Baldus,  ii.  172,  vii.   156,  viii,  16. 
Bandello,    Matteo,    17,   42,    121. 
Bandellus,  Mattheus,  *  C.  ordinis 

prae.',  29. 
Barbaro,  Ermolao,  24,  26. 
Barclay,  A.,  45,  48,  49,  134,  136, 

138,   139.   140. 
Basse,  W.,  43. 
Baveria,  Filippo,  14,  23. 
Baynes,  T.  S.,  38,  39. 


Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  44. 

Bebel,  H.,  46. 

Bembo,   B.,   26,    149. 

Bembus,  x.  i. 

Benacus,  ii.   58,  62. 

Bentivoglio,  A.,  23. 

Berault,  N.,  34. 

Beroaldo,  Filippo,  15,  23,  24,  25, 

27,  38,   138. 
Bettinelli,  S.,  17. 
Boccaccio,     121,     124,     132,    133, 

141,  142,  143,  150. 
Boswell,  J.,  45. 
Bright,  J.  W.,  42,  52. 
Brink,  B.  ten,  49. 
Brome,   R.,  43. 
Brunet,   G.,  36. 
Brunet,  J.  C,  35. 
Bureau,  Laurent,  32. 

Burton,  R.,  44,  45. 

I 

Caecias,  iv.  219. 

Calpurnius   (imitated),  58. 

Camaldula,  viii,  55- 

Cambridge  History  of  English 
Literature,  50- 

Carafa,  Oliviero,   14,  15,  24. 

Carbo,  ii,  I54. 

Carmelite  habit,  149,  151;  found- 
er of  the  order,  x.  54. 

Carmelus,  vii,   126,  x.  30,  70. 

Carolus,  lafredus,  28. 

Carthusia,  viii.  51. 

Castiglione,  B.,  21,  22. 

Catholic  Encyclopedia,  17,  23. 

Cecco  d'  Ascoli,  133. 

Ceresara,  Paride,  23,  26,  62,  121. 

Chevalier,  U.,   I5>  24. 

Cholieres,  N.  de,  27. 

Christian   Remembrancer,  33. 

clipeum  Minervae,  v.  98. 

IS3 


154 


INDEX 


Codri  supellex,  v.  104. 
Coitus,  ii.  37. 
Colet,  J.,  16,  37. 
Comparetti,  D.,  130. 
Congregation  of  Mantua,  13,  14, 

15. 

Coroneus,   loannes,  36. 
Correggio,  Niccolo  da,  22. 
Cortese,  Alessandro,  24. 
Coryat's   Crudities,  32. 
Cosmas,  iii.  46. 
Cosmus,  V.  96. 
Crepundia  Poetica,  47- 
crocodile's  tears,  iv.   196. 
Curtius,  Benedictus,  48. 

Davari,  S.,  19,  20,  21,  22,  30. 
Delaruelle,  L.,  34,  131. 
Despauteres,  J.,  ;^^. 
des  Periers,  B.,  40. 
Dictionary     of    National    Biog- 
raphy, 49. 
Donesmondi,  F.  Ippol.,  30,  38. 
Drayton,  M.,  40,  43,  44. 

'  E.  K.,'  46,  50,  134. 

Elias,   X.  54,  65. 

Eobanus  Hessus,  33,  52,  53. 

Epistolae   Obscurorum   Virorum, 

33. 
Equicola,  Mario,  20,  23,  42,  48. 
Erasmus,  31. 

Este,  Isabella  d',  11,  16,  20,  22. 
Euricius  Cordus,  47,  54,  55,  132. 
Eva,  iv.  170,  vi.  57  fT. 

facit  experientia  cautos,  ix.  195. 

Falco,  ix.  213;  see  Sinibaldi. 

Fantuzzi,  Ant.,  23. 

Fanucchi,  L.  G.,  I7« 

Farnaby,  T.,  39. 

Fauste,    precor,    gelida,    ii,    39, 

40 ;  i.  I. 
femineum  servile  genus,  41,  47; 

iv.  no. 
Fiera,  Bapt.,  23,  31. 
Folengo,  Teofilo,  31,  59,  148. 
fons  et  origo,  vi.  246. 
Fontenelle,  48,  122. 
Fortuna  noverca,  vi.  30. 
Foscarari,  L.,   12,  23. 
Frati,  L.,  12,  13,  23. 


Fucus,  51. 
Furness,  H.  H.,  27. 

Gabotto,  F.,  II,  16,  17,  131. 
Garganus,  viii.  52. 
Gaurico,  Luca,  17,  121. 
Geiger,  L.,  38. 
Giraldi,   L.  G.,  27,  32,  34. 
Gonzaga,   Federico,   13,   19. 

Francesco,    19,  20,  22,  31. 

Isabella;    see    Isabella    d' 

Este. 

Lodovico,  19. 

Sigismondo,  22,  30. 

Tolomeo,  20,  30. 


Googe,   B.,    .i;o. 

Gosson,  S.,  40. 

Graesse,  J.  G.  T.,  35,  36. 

Graf,  Arturo,   143. 

Gratius,    Ortuinus,    33. 

Greene,  R.,  40,  41,  42,  51. 

Greg,  W.  W.,  45- 

Gregorio  Tifernate,    ii,   12,    126, 

130,   131- 
Guazzo,  S.,  57- 
Guillaume  le  Clerc,  135. 

Hadria,  ix.   199. 

Hain,  L.  F.  T.,  35,  36. 

Hall,   J.,  42. 

Harculus,  iii.  4. 

Harvey,  G.,  40,  41. 

Harvey,  T.,  45. 

Hegius,  Alex.,  38. 

Hernand  y  Aguilar,  G.,  29. 

Heywood,  T.,  44. 

Hoole,  C,  39. 

hyena's  cunning,  iv.   196. 

immaculate  conception,  viii.   197- 

200. 
Innocent  VIII,  14,  15,  28. 
instar  ovis,  vii.   15. 
Itala,   136,  148. 

lericus,  x.  38. 

Jerome,  St.,  123,  133. 

loan.  Bapt.  de  Lezana,   150. 

Johnson,  Sam.,  39,  45. 

lordanes,  x.  32. 

Jovius,  Paulus,  18,  20,  26,  32. 

Juan  del  Encina,  129. 


INDEX 


155 


Julius    II,   29. 

Juvenal    (imitated),   58. 

Keller,   O.,   122. 
Kluge,  F.,  50. 
Knod,  G.,   Z7- 
Krause,  C,  53. 

Laelia,  123. 

Laetus,  C.   Erasmus,   141,   150. 
Laetus  Pomponius,  24. 
Lamentationes  novae  Obscurorum 

Reuchlinistarum,  46. 
Lamp,    Guilhelmus,   :i2- 
Larivey,  Pierre  de,  44,  56. 
Latini,   Brunette,    133,   135. 
Laurent  de  la  Graviere,  48. 
Laureta,  15;   viii.  52,   187. 
Laverna,  viii.  52. 
Lee,  Sidney,  44. 
Leo  X,  29. 

Leonora  d'  Aragona,   16. 
Leontorius,  C,  16. 
Lezana,  loan.  Bapt.  de,  150. 
Libanus,   x.   34. 
Lockwood,  D.   P.,   132. 
Lodge,  T.,  40. 
Lofstedt,  E.,   128. 
ludit  Amor  sensus,  i.  48. 
Luna,  ix.  199. 
Lupton,  J.   H.,   16,  37. 
Luzio,  A.,  8,   17. 
Luzio-Renier,     11,     16,     i7>     20, 

21,  23,  31,  38,  42,  121. 

Machiavelli,  Carforo,  26. 

Macra,  ix.  218. 

MafTei,  Scipio,  31. 

Maggi,  Costanza  de',  20. 

Manacorda,  G.,  54- 

Mantegna,  A.,  23. 

Mantua,  Congregation  of,  13,  151- 

Mantuan:  'good  old  M.',  ii; 
a  '  Christianus  Maro ',  31 ; 
'  honest  M.',  40 ;  '  the  homely 
Carmelite ',  42 ;  '  moral  M.', 
43 ;  '  some  foul-mouth'd  M.', 
44 ;   '  plaine   M.',  44. 

Mantuan    Reform,   13,   151. 

Marius,  ii.   154. 

Marsus,    Petrus,    24. 

Martinez  de  Toledo,  132. 


Martyn,  W.,  44.  I 

MaruUus,  31. 

McKerrow,   R.   B.,  42. 

Melander,  Otho,  47. 

melior  vigilantia  somno,  i.  5* 

Meres,  Francis,  46. 

Merlinus  Cocaius,  31. 

Merula,  Giorgio,   11,   12,  26. 

metre    (Mantuan's),   59. 

Michel  d'  Amboise,  48. 

Middleton,  T.,  43. 

Milton.   52. 

Mincius,  ii.  37,  iii.  180,  ix.  190. 

Modover,  Antonio,  18. 

Modover,  Pietro,   18. 

Molorchaeus,   viii.   177. 

Monumenta     Germanica     Paeda- 

gogica,  37. 
Morbioli,  L.,  28. 
multotiens,   i.    167. 
Muratori,   L.  A.,   12. 
Murmellius,     loan.,    35,    36,    38, 

46,  121,  129,   137,  147. 
Murrho,  Seb.,   16,  31,  38. 
Mustard,  W.  P.,  48,  52. 

Napeus,  Caesar,  13. 
Nashe,  T.,  41,  42. 
Niccolo  da  Correggio,  22. 
Niceron,  J.   P.,  20,   29. 
Nicholson,  S.,  43. 
nodus   Herculis,  v.   65. 
Nursinus,  viii.    54. 

Observantes,   149,  151. 
Oedipodes,   62. 
Oenophilus,  i.  161,  ix.  31. 
Ovid   (imitated),  57. 

Palingenius,  38,  46,  123,  137,  145. 
Paranymphus,   viii.   209. 
Pascal,  C,   130. 
Pasqualigo,   L.,   56,    132. 
patina  Aesopi,   v.   98. 
Pedaniius,   51. 
Pellechet,   M.,  35. 
Perotti,    N.,    58,    122,    123,    124, 

133,   134,   135,   139,   140,  144. 
Peters,   E.,   135. 
Petrarch,  58,   127. 
Petrus    Lucius,  32,   34. 
Philippe  de  Thaiin,  133,  135. 


156 


INDEX 


Physiologus,   135. 
Pico  della  Mirandola,  14,  15,  24, 
25,  2b. 

(the  Younger),    12,   16,  24, 

25,   26. 

Pietro   da  Novellara,    16,   22,  30. 
Poliziano,  A.,  24,  25,  26. 
Pontano,  G.  G.,   24,   131. 
Prudentius    (imitated),    58. 
Puttenham,  G.,  46. 
Pythagorae  mensae,  v.   104. 

Raffaello  Sanzio,  21. 

Randolph,  T.,  42. 

Refrigerio,  G.  B.,  12,  13,  14,  23, 

27,    122. 
Reissert,   O.,  48,   50. 
Remundus  Langano  de  alta  Ripa, 

36. 
Return  from  Parnassus,  43. 
Roberto  da  San  Severino,  14,  28. 
Ronsch,  H.,   123,   148. 

Sabadino :  see  Arienti. 

Sabie,    F.,   42,    51,   52,    121,    122, 

140. 
Salvia,  ix.  200. 

Sammonicus,  Serenus,   144,   147. 
Sasso,  Panfilo,  26. 
Saturnina  fames,  62. 
Scaliger,    J.    C.,   34,   39. 
semel  insanivimus   omnes,   40-46, 

48,  51  :  i.   118. 
Servius,    129,    144. 
Shakespeare,  11,  40,  44. 
Sina,  viii.  53- 
Sinibaldi,    Falcone    de',     14,     15, 

23,   28,   149. 
Sixtus  IV,  13,  14. 
Smith,  G.  C.  Moore,  51,  123. 
Solymus,  ix.  224,  x.  2. 
Soracte,   viii.    53. 
sorte  tua  contentus  abi,  v.  46. 
sortiri  digitis,  i.  24. 
Spagnolo,    Alessandro,    21,    22. 

Baptista,   11. 

Pietro,   18,    19,   28. 

Tolomeo,  12,  16,  18,  20,  21, 

22,    24,   27,    58,    123,    130,    131, 
138,   146,   148. 


Spenser,    E.,    50,    134,    135,    136, 

140,  142,  146. 
Strozzi,  Ercole,  146. 
Summers,  W.  C,   136. 
syntax   (Mantuan's),  59. 

Tasso,  T.,   56,   57. 

Textor,   Ravisius,  ^^,   38,  48,  56. 

Theodulus,   121. 

Thuasne,  L.,  32,  131. 

Tibullus,   57. 

Tifernate,  Gregorio,   1 1,    12,   126, 

130,   131- 
Tiraboschi,  G.,  1 1. 
Titan   (=:   the   Sun),  viii.   177. 
Tityrus     (=    Virgil),    ii.    9,    iii. 

174,  V.  86,  ix.  220. 
Tobler,   A.,   130, 
Tonans,  vii.  37,  viii.  49,  79. 
Tonius,  i.   163. 
Torrentinus,   H.,    t,^. 
Trithemius,   16,  26,  27,  31. 
Trivulzio,   G.  G.,  28. 
Turbervile,  G.,  45. 

Umber,   12,  58,   131. 
Umbrosa    Vallis,   viii.    53. 

Valla,  L.,  131. 

Valsasinus,  viii.   18. 

Ventimiglia,   M.,   16. 

Victoria,  51. 

Virgil      (imitated)  ;     see     Notes 

passim. 
Vives,  L.,  z:i' 
vocabulary    (Mantuan's),   59. 

Watson,  F.,  39. 
Webbe,  W.,  46. 
Wily  Beguiled,  43. 
Wimpfeling,    J.,    16,    17,    31,   36, 

3^,    131- 
Windscheid,   K.,   52. 
Witt's   Recreations,   44. 
Wolf,  T.,  Jr.,   12,   16,   17,  26,  31, 

36,  T^l,  131. 
woman's  ways,  iv.  no  ff. 

Young's  Latin  Dictionary,  33. 


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